Сочинение на тему праздник пасха на английском языке с переводом
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Easter
Пасха
People like celebrating different festivals and holidays. There are a lot of types of holidays. They are divided into groups depending on purpose, origin and so on. They can be individual, national or religious, for example. Now we are going to discuss one of the religious holidays – Easter. Easter is a festival and holiday of the Christian church. It celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day of his burial after his crucifixation by the Romans.
Людям нравится отмечать разные фестивали и праздники. Существует много типов праздников. Они делятся на группы в зависимости от цели, происхождения и т.д. Например, они могут быть индивидуальными, национальными или религиозными. Мы обсудим один из религиозных праздников – Пасху. Пасха — это праздник христианской церкви. В этот день христиане празднуют Воскресение Иисуса Христа на третий день погребения после распятия Иисуса римлянами.
There are some differences between Easter in Catholicism and Easter in Eastern Christianity however they are not so considerable. I am going to describe Easter in Eastern Christianity. Easter is a moveable feast. It means that it does not have a fix date for celebration. The date of its celebration depends on lunisolar calendar. All holidays connected with Easter are also moveable feasts. There are a lot of Easter traditions. All of them are connected with divine service in this or that way.
Существуют некоторые различия между Пасхой в католицизме и Пасхой в православии, однако они не столь значительны. Я собираюсь описать православную Пасху. Пасха – подвижный праздник. Это означает, что у него нет фиксированной даты празднования. Дата его празднования зависит от лунно-солнечного календаря. Все праздники, связанные с Пасхой, также являются подвижными. Существует много пасхальных традиций. Все они связаны тем или иным образом с богослужением.
First of all, it is the tradition of Easter divine service at the night or early in the morning. At Easter and sometime after that people greet each other with the words “Christ is Risen” and “Truly, He is Risen” as the response. Paschal fire is the very important part of Easter divine service. It is a symbol of the light. Important Easter symbols are also Easter cake and eggs. They symbolize the life.
Прежде всего, это традиция пасхального богослужения ночью или рано утром. На Пасху и некоторое время после нее люди приветствуют друг друга словами «Христос Воскресе» и в качестве ответа «Воистину Воскресе». Пасхальный огонь является очень важной частью пасхального богослужения. Он символизирует свет. Важными символами Пасхи являются также пасхальный кулич и яйца. Они символизируют жизнь.
Easter is my favourite holiday. It is a merry holiday.
Пасха – мой любимый праздник. Он является радостным праздником.
From Scotland to the Channel, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny, some are strange- But they’re all interesting and are all part of the British way of life.
Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate Easter eggs, the day of parties, and above all a celebration that Jesus raised from the dead and lives forever. Eggs play an important part in Easter celebration; they are predominantly given to children. The eggs are either hollow or have a filling, and are usually covered with brightly colored silver paper.
Easter is much more than ordinary holiday. It is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming Jesus Christ to life again. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the year.
Easter is a feast that is not always held on the same date each year. Easter Day is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox.
This means that Easter can fall as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.
Like most Christian festivals, Easter has its origins in pre-Christian times. Our ancestors believed that the sun died in winter and was born anew in spring. The arrival of spring was celebrated all over the world long before the religious meaning became associated with Easter. Today, Easter celebrates the rebirth of Christ.
The word Easter is thought to have derived from the goddess Eostre, an Anglo-Saxon Goddess.
Even though Easter is associated with spring here in England, it is not so in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In these countries Easter falls near the end of autumn. However, through out the world Easter is felt to be a time of new life and new beginnings.
Перевод:
От Шотландии до Ла Манша, Великобритания полна обычаев и традиций. Многие из них имеют очень длинную историю. Некоторые забавны, некоторые странноваты. Но все они интересные и являются частью британского образа жизни.
Пасха — это время праздников, фестивалей, время, когда дарят шоколадные пасхальные яйца, день вечеринок и больше всего это празднование воскрешения Иисуса из мертвых и его вечной жизни. Яйца играют важную роль в праздновании Пасхи, преимущественно их дарят детям. Они или полые, либо с наполнителем, часто покрываются ярко раскрашенной фольгой.
Пасха — это намного больше, чем простой праздник. Это самый древний и самый важный христианский фестиваль, празднование смерти и последующего воскрешения Иисуса Христа. Для христиан, рассвет воскресного дня Пасхи с вестью о новой жизни — самый важный момент в году.
Пасха — это праздник, который проводится не в один и тот же день в году. Пасха празднуется в первое воскресенье после первой полной луны, следующей за днем весеннего равноденствия.
Это означает, что Пасха может попасть как на 22 Марта, так и на 25 апреля.
Подобно большинству христианских фестивалей, Пасха берет свое начало с дохристианских времен. Наши предки полагали, что солнце умирало зимой и снова возрождалось весной. Наступление весны праздновалось во всем мире и прежде, задолго до того как ее религиозное значение было связанно с Пасхой. Сегодня Пасха празднует возрождение Христа.
Считается, что слово Пасха происходит от имени англосаксонской богини Эостр.
Хотя здесь, в Англии, Пасха ассоциируется с весной, в странах южного полушария это не так. В этих странах Пасха выпадает на конец осени. Однако по всему миру Пасха ассоциируется с новой жизнью и новыми начинаниями.
Easter is one of the most important holidays of the year. Easter is the day when Jesus Christresurrected. Usually this holiday is celebrated on one of Sundays in spring. Easter eggs and Easter cakes (or paskhas) are the traditional symbols of the religious holiday. Paskha is a traditional dessert served in Russia as well as other Eastern European countries. The name of the dish comes from “Pascha“, the eastern orthodox celebration of Easter.
On that day the religious people go to church and listen to the ceremony. Usually they bring with them Easter eggs, salt, Easter cakes, butter, cheese and ham. Some people prefer to bake Easter cakes themselves and others buy paskhas at bakery.
The priest in the church consecrates all the food: many people believe that Easter eggs possesses magic power and can protect from evil, thunder or fire and have healing powers.
In the morning after the end of the ceremony, everyone greet each other with the words “Khrystos voskres!” (Christ is risen!). The proper response is “Voyistino voskres,” (Indeed he is risen). Once the ceremony is over, every family goes home for breakfast, to partake of the blessed food.
Easter Sunday is a day of singing and eating. Many people visit their friends and relatives and exchange Easter eggs. All people celebrate Easter as the beginning of spring, too. This tradition is connected with much older pre-Christian rite. On that day, people celebrated the return of springtime and the sun.
Перевод текста Easter. Пасха
Пасха – это один из наиболее важных праздников в году. Пасха – это день когда Иисус Христос воскрес. Обычно этот праздник отмечается весной в одно из воскресений. Пасхальные яйца и пасхальные куличи (или паски) – традиционные символы религиозного праздника. Паска является традиционным десертом, который подают в России и в других странах восточной Европы. Название блюда происходит от слова «Пасха», восточного православного празднования Пасхи.
В этот день верующие идут в церковь и слушают службу. Обычно они приносят с собой пасхальные яйца, соль, пасхальные куличи, масло, сыр и ветчину. Некоторые люди предпочитаю печь пасхальные куличи самостоятельно, а другие покупают паски в булочной.
Священник в церкви освящает всю еду: многие люди верят, что пасхальные яйца обладают магической силой и могут защищать от зла, грома или огня и имеют лечебные свойства.
Утром после окончания службы, все приветствуют друг друга словами «Христос воскрес!» Правильным ответом является – «Воистину воскрес». Как только церемония заканчивается, каждая семья идет домой завтракать, чтобы съесть освященную пищу.
Пасхальное воскресенье – это день пения и еды. Многие люди ходят в гости к своим друзьям и родственникам и обмениваются пасхальными яйцами. К тому же все празднуют Пасху, как начало весны. Эта традиция связанна с гораздо более древним дохристианским обрядом. В этот день, люди праздновали возвращение весны и солнца.
Дополнительные выражения
Jesus Christ – Иисус Христос to resurrect – воскрешать Easter egg – пасхальное яйцо Easter cake – (пасхальный) кулич paskha – паска (блюдо) ceremony – церемония, служба healing power – лечебное свойство to partake – съесть, отведать blessed food – освященная пища (еда) pre-Christian rite – дохристианский обряд
Если у вас возникают вопросы по прочтению отдельных слов вы можете дважды нажать на непонятное слово и в нижнем левом углу в форме перевода есть отдельная кнопка которая позволит вам услышать непосредственно произношение слова. Или также вы можете пройти к разделу Правила Чтения Английского Языка и найти ответ на возникший вопрос.
Easter
From Scotland to the Channel, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny, some are strange- But they’re all interesting and are all part of the British way of life.
Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate Easter eggs, the day of parties, and above all a celebration that Jesus raised from the dead and lives forever. Eggs play an important part in Easter celebration; they are predominantly given to children. The eggs are either hollow or have a filling, and are usually covered with brightly colored silver paper.
Easter is much more than ordinary holiday. It is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming Jesus Christ to life again. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the year.
Easter is a feast that is not always held on the same date each year. Easter Day is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox.
This means that Easter can fall as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.
Like most Christian festivals, Easter has its origins in pre-Christian times. Our ancestors believed that the sun died in winter and was born anew in spring. The arrival of spring was celebrated all over the world long before the religious meaning became associated with Easter. Today, Easter celebrates the rebirth of Christ.
The word Easter is thought to have derived from the goddess Eostre, an Anglo-Saxon Goddess.
Even though Easter is associated with spring here in England, it is not so in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In these countries Easter falls near the end of autumn. However, through out the world Easter is felt to be a time of new life and new beginnings.
Пасха
От Шотландии до Ла Манша, Великобритания полна обычаев и традиций. Многие из них имеют очень длинную историю. Некоторые забавны, некоторые странноваты. Но все они интересные и являются частью британского образа жизни.
Пасха — это время праздников, фестивалей, время, когда дарят шоколадные пасхальные яйца, день вечеринок и больше всего это празднование воскрешения Иисуса из мертвых и его вечной жизни. Яйца играют важную роль в праздновании Пасхи, преимущественно их дарят детям. Они или полые, либо с наполнителем, часто покрываются ярко раскрашенной фольгой.
Пасха — это намного больше, чем простой праздник. Это самый древний и самый важный христианский фестиваль, празднование смерти и последующего воскрешения Иисуса Христа. Для христиан, рассвет воскресного дня Пасхи с вестью о новой жизни — самый важный момент в году.
Пасха — это праздник, который проводится не в один и тот же день в году. Пасха празднуется в первое воскресенье после первой полной луны, следующей за днем весеннего равноденствия.
Это означает, что Пасха может попасть как на 22 Марта, так и на 25 апреля.
Подобно большинству христианских фестивалей, Пасха берет свое начало с дохристианских времен. Наши предки полагали, что солнце умирало зимой и снова возрождалось весной. Наступление весны праздновалось во всем мире и прежде, задолго до того как ее религиозное значение было связанно с Пасхой. Сегодня Пасха празднует возрождение Христа.
Считается, что слово Пасха происходит от имени англосаксонской богини Эостр.
Хотя здесь, в Англии, Пасха ассоциируется с весной, в странах южного полушария это не так. В этих странах Пасха выпадает на конец осени. Однако по всему миру Пасха ассоциируется с новой жизнью и новыми начинаниями.
Questions:
1. What is Easter?
2. What do people do during the holiday of Easter?
3. What is the most important part of Easter celebration?
4. Is Easter an ordinary feast?
5. What are the origins of Easter?
6. When does Easter take place?
7. What is the main idea of Easter celebration?
8. Does Easter take place only in spring?
Vocabulary:
customs — обачаи, традиции
to raise from the dead — воскреснуть
predominantly — преимущественно
hollow — полый, пустой
silver paper — фольга
spring equinox — весеннее равноденствие
ancestors — предки, предшественники
arrival — наступление, прибытие, приход
rebirth — возрождение
to derive — происходить
southern hemisphere — южное полушарие
For Christians Easter Sunday is the high point of the year. They celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
As in many other European and New World countries, eggs and rabbits (signs of fertility and new life) are traditional symbols of Easter in the British Isles. Chocolate bunnies and Easter eggs, often adorned in colorful foil wrappers, are given to children as presents or are hidden for the Easter morning “egg hunt.”
The tradition of decorating real eggs for Easter dates back to the Middle Ages. In 1290 the English king, Edward I, ordered 450 eggs to be covered in gold leaf to be given as Easter presents. It is thought that the bright hues used to decorate Easter eggs were meant to mirror the colors of the reawakening spring growth.
Another British Easter custom is egg rolling or the egg race, when competitors try to be the first to roll their egg across a course or down a hill… without breaking it!
Aside from eggs, the best-known English Easter food is probably the hot cross bun. Dating back to medieval times, the buns were traditionally eaten on Good Friday, but they are now popular all around the Easter season. These sweet treats, fragrant with fruit and spices, are marked with a cross, either slashed into the dough before baking, or drizzled on in icing afterwards. The history of hot cross buns dates far back to the pre-Christian era. It is thought that they are descendants of the small cakes offered to Eostre, the goddess of spring. They may have been marked with a cross even in ancient times, to represent the four quarters of the moon. In later centuries the church, unable to stamp out ancient pagan traditions, decided instead to “Christianize” the buns by associating the cross with that of Jesus.
Easter Sunday in the British Isles is traditionally marked by church services, often held at dawn so that worshippers can view the sunrise, a symbol of Christ’s resurrection. Afterwards Easter eggs are exchanged and eaten.
Easter parades were also once an important tradition, during which people would wear their new clothes – the ladies in particular would show off their new “Easter bonnets” – as another sign of spring’s renewal. Later the family would gather for Easter lunch or dinner, which in England traditionally consisted of roast spring lamb with mint sauce, potatoes and green peas. There was time to rest from the celebrations the next day, since Easter Monday is traditionally a holiday in Britain. Перевод:
Для христиан Пасха-это высшая точка года. Они празднуют Воскресение Иисуса Христа.
Как и во многих других европейских странах Нового света, яйца и зайцы (знаки плодородия и ” новая жизнь”) являются традиционными символами Пасхи на Британских островах. Шоколадные зайчики и пасхальные яйца, часто украшенные красочной фольге обертки, преподносятся детям в качестве подарков или оставляются для “яйца охоты” пасхальным утром.
Традиция украшать настоящие яица на Пасху восходит к средневековью. В 1290 году английский король Эдуард I приказал покрыть 450 яиц сусальным золотом, чтобы предоставить в качестве пасхальных подарков. Считается, что яркие тона, украшавшие пасхальные яйца, были предназначены для того, чтобы отражать цвета пробуждение весны.
Другой британский Пасхальный обычай заключается в яичных гонках, когда конкуренты пытаются быть первым, крутить их яйца поперек или спустить вниз по склону холма… не разбив их!
Помимо яиц самой известной английской пасхальной снедью являются,наверное, горячие булочки в форме креста. Еще в средневековые времена булочки были традиционно ели в страстную пятницу, но они в настоящее время пользуются популярностью весь Пасхальный сезон. Эти сладкие угощения с ароматами фруктов и специй помеченные крестиком либо опушены в тесто перед выпечкой или взбрызгнуты каплями после. История горячих булочек-крестов датируется еще дохристианской эпохой. Считается, что они являются потомками маленьких пирожных, предлагаемых для Эостр – богини весны. Они, возможно, были отмечены крестом даже в древние времена, чтобы представить четыре четверти Луны. В более поздние века церковь была не в состоянии искоренить древние языческие традиции и решившила вместо этого “христианизировать” плюшки, связав крест с Иисусом.
В пасхальное воскресенье на Британских островах традиционно отмечается церковными службами, которые часто проводятся на рассвете, так что верующие могут видеть восход солнца – символ воскресения Христа. После обмениваются пасхальными яицами и съедают их.
Пасха-парады тоже когда-то важная традиция, во время которой люди будут одеты в новую одежду – дамы, в частности, демонстрируют свои новые “Пасха шляпки” – как еще один знак весеннего обновления. Потом семья будет собираться на Пасхальный обед или ужин, который в Англии традиционно состоял из жареного весна ягненка с мятным соусом, картофеля и зеленого горошка. Было время отдохнуть от праздников на следующий день, в понедельник после Пасхи традиционно праздник в Великобритании.
Easter is the most important holiday of the year.
Easter egg is called pysanka. Pysanka shells have been found in archaeological sites from more than 3000 years ago, and many of those designs are still being used on pysanka today.
Preparation for Easter starts seven weeks ahead of time with the advent of Lent. Believers don’t eat meat and animal products.
Palm Sunday, the week before Easter, is known as Willow Sunday. People bring home willow branches which have been blessed in church.
The week is dedicated to preparing for Easter. The Thursday before Easter is called Clean Thursday. According to the tradition one should bathe before sunrise on this day. The house must be clean too.
Good Friday is the day that the women of the family bake “paska”, Easter bread.
On Saturday children dye Easter eggs to add to the Easter basket which will be blessed in church. It also includes pysanka, salt, paska, sausage and ham. In the evening people go to church for the Easter mass, which lasts all night.
Easter Sunday is a day of singing songs and eating. Young girls dance and sing about nature and spring. People exchange pysanky. Перевод:
Пасха самый важный праздник в году.
Пасхальное яйцо называется писанка. Скарлупа писанок была найдена в археологических памятниках более чем 3000 лет назад, и многие из тех давних узоров до сих пор используются на писанках.
Подготовка к Пасхе начинается за семь недель через Великий пост. Верующие не едят мяса и продуктов животного происхождения.
Вербное воскресенье – за неделю до Пасхи. Люди приносят домой ветви ивы, которые были благословлены в церкви.
Вся неделя посвящена подготовке к Пасхе. Четверг перед Пасхой называется Чистый четверг. По традиции следует купаться до восхода солнца в этот день. Дом должен быть чистым тоже.
Страстная пятница является днем, когда женщины пекут “Паску”, или Пасхальный кулич.
В субботу дети красят пасхальные яица и добавляют их в корзину, которая будет освящена в церкви. Она также включает писанки, соль, кулич, колбасу и ветчину. Вечером люди идут в церковь на Пасхальную службу, которая длится всю ночь.
Пасхальное воскресенье – день песен и еды. Молодые девушки танцуют и поют о природе и весне. Люди обмениваются пасхальными яйцами.
Easter is one of the Jewish and Christian events. However, these religions differ in their celebrations of the event. In Judaism, this day devoted to the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, this holiday marks the expectation of the Messiah. Christians celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on this day – the main holiday in Orthodoxy.
Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Palm Sunday and full moon. As there is no specific date for this holiday, sheets (matrices) are compiled to calculate the annual celebration dates. Easter is celebrate after the end of the forty days of Lent, people prepare a variety of dishes, do good things and charity works.
The holiday is characterized by special features — paskha-cake and eggs. Throughout Russia, people baked cakes, cooked cottage cheese Paskha, painted eggs in different waysю Going on a visit, Christians usually take painted eggs, greet each other with “Christ is risen” — “Truly he is risen» and exchange these eggs.
All day long everyone gathers Easter baskets with cakes and other snacks and go to Church. There is a festive service, and the consecration of treats. This event is attended by ordinary people and celebrities. It is broadcast on TV and internet online. Перевод
Пасха-одно из еврейских и христианских празднеств. Однако эти религии отличаются относительно праздновании этого события. В иудаизме этот день, посвященный уходу израильтян из Египта, знаменует собой ожидание Мессии. Христиане отмечают в этот день Воскресение Иисуса Христа – главный праздник в Православии.
Пасха празднуется в первое воскресенье после Вербного Воскресенья и полнолуния. Поскольку нет конкретной даты для этого праздника, для расчета ежегодных дат празднования составляются таблицы (матрицы). Пасху празднуют после окончания сорока дней Великого поста, люди готовят разнообразные блюда, делают добрые дела и занимаются благотворительностью.
Праздник характеризуется некоторыми особенностями – пирогом Пасхой и яйцами. По всей России люди пекли пироги, готовили творожную Пасху, по-разному красили яйца. Отправляясь в гости, христиане обычно берут крашеные яйца, приветствуют друг друга “Христос воскрес” — “воистину он воскрес» и обмениваются этими яйцами.
Весь день каждый собирает Пасхальные корзины с пирогами и другими закусками и ходит в церковь. Там проходит праздничная служба и освещают угощения. В этом мероприятии принимают участие обычные люди и знаменитости. Он транслируется по телевидению и в интернете в режиме онлайн.
Happy Easter Vocubalury:
Christian — Христианин
to devote — посвятить
to return — возвратиться
renewal — обновление
luck — удача
birth — рождение
to crucify — распять
suffering — страдание
the resurrection — Воскресенье Господне
death — смерть
a cross — крест
Palm Sunday — Пальмовое воскресенье (Вербное)
garlands — гирлянды
boiled egg — вареное яйцо
In the UK Easter is one of the major Christian festivals of the year. Easter is a Christian holiday. Believers don’t eat meat and animal products.
It is celebrated on any Sunday between March 22 and April 25. This holiday is devoted to Jesus Christ and his returning to life.
Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate Easter eggs, the day of parties. Many of the symbols and traditions of Easter are connected with renewal, birth, good luck.
Of course as it is a Christian festival one of the main symbols is a cross, often on a hill. When Jesus was crucified, the cross became a symbol of suffering. Then with the resurrection, Christians saw it as a symbol of victory over death.
The week of Easter begins on Palm Sunday. Christians carry palm branches and make them into crosses and garlands to decorate the Church.
Eggs play an important part in Easter celebration. Easter eggs are a very old tradition. Eggs are a symbol of spring and new life. Many people celebrate Easter Sunday by decorating, exchanging in Great Britain. The eggs may be fresh or boiled eggs laid by chickens or other birds, chocolate eggs or eggs made of other materials.
Some businesses and attractions hold special Easter egg games. These can be competitions to see who can collect the most eggs. For example in the north of England they still carry out the custom of egg rolling. In other places another game is played. You hold an egg in the palm of the hand and bang against your opponent’s egg. The loser is the one whose egg breaks first.
Rabbits are a symbol Ester in UK, too. Children in the UK believe that if they are good the «Easter Bunny » will leave (chocolate) eggs for them.
Easter is much more than ordinary holiday.
Easter is the feast of Christ’s resurrection, which in its observance combines both pagan and Christian elements. Easter (in Ukrainian: ‘Velykden’ or ‘Paskha’) is preceded by seven weeks of Lent and celebrated on each first week after vernal equinox and full moon. It is the most cheerful holiday for orthodox believers.
In Ukraine Easter is called Velykden (The Great Day). In Ukraine Easter has been celebrated over a long period of history and has had many rich folk traditions.
Ukrainian Easter is a historical combination of heathen and Christian traditions. Velykden was celebrated thousands of years ago as the victory of the Light over the Dark, Day over Night, Spring over Winter. The Resurrection was celebrated only from 988 when Kiev Rus was baptized. For some time these two systems coexisted, for some time it was forbidden for people to follow heathen traditions, but later the church decided to use in its Easter ceremony the heathen customs like painting eggs and backing Easter cake.
The last Sunday before Easter is called Willow Sunday (Verbna nedilia). On this day pussy-willow branches are blessed in the church.
The week before Easter, the Great (Velykyi) Week (Holy Week), is called the White (Bilyi) or Pure (Chystyi) Week. During this time an effort is made to finish all field work before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. Pure (Maundy) Thursday is connected with ritual of clarification by water.
On Passion (Strasna) Friday — Good Friday — no work is done. In some localities, the Holy Shroud (plashchanytsia) is carried solemnly three times around the church and, after appropriate services, laid out for public veneration.
Saturday evening people gather in the church for the Easter vigil till the very morning when priests bless the food believers brought. After that people go home to celebrate Easter with their families. If they meet other people on the way they say: “Christ is risen!” and these people should reply “Risen indeed”. All the people exchange Easter greetings and give each other painted eggs (krashanky).
Easter cake (’Kulich’) and painted eggs (’Krashanki’) are the symbols of Ukrainian Easter and obligatory food on the table this day. Kulich is baked from yeast dough in the form of cylinder. Krashanka is a boiled and painted egg. On this Day Ukrainian kids play their favorite Easter game: knocking the eggs. If you knock somebody’s egg and you egg is not broken than you are the winner.
The krashanky and pysanky (Easter eggs) are an old pre-Christian element and have an important role in the Easter rites. On this day they are given as gifts or exchanged. There is also the rite of sprinkling with water, which is still carried on in Western Ukraine on the next day afrer Easter (Wet Monday, Oblyvanyi ponedilok). It is practiced by young people, the boys usually splashing the girls with water.
During the Easter season in Ukraine the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are remembered during the whole week after Easter, especially on the first Sunday following Easter Sunday. People gather in the cemeteries, bringing with them a dish containing some food and wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves.
Перевод
Пасха — это праздник воскресения Христа, в котором соединились христианские и языческе элементы. Пасху (по-украински: Великдень), которой предшествует семь недель Великого Поста, отмечают в первое воскресенье после весеннего равноденствия и полнолуния. Это самый радостный праздник у провославных.
Украинская Пасха — это исторически сложившееся сочетание языческих и христианских традиций. Великдень отмечали тысячи лет назад как победу Света над Тьмой, Дня над Ночью, Весны над Зимой. А Воскресение Христа начали праздновать с 988 года, после крещения Киевской Руси. Некоторое время обе эти системы сосуществовали, затем людям было запрещено следовать языческим традициям, но впоследствии церковь решила использовать в ритуалах Пасхи языческие обычаи, такие как крашение яиц и выпекание пасхального пирога.
Последнее воскресенье перед Пасхой называется Вербным воскресеньем. В этот день в церкви святят ветви вербы.
Неделя перед Пасхой называется Великой, Святой, Белой или Чистой неделей. В это время стараются закончить всю работу к четвергу, потому что с четверга работать запрещается. «Чистый четверг» связан с ритуалом очищения водой.
В Страстную пятницу работать нельзя. В некоторых местностях Святую плащаницу три раза проносят вокруг церкви и после службы выставляют для поклонения.
В субботу вечером люди собираются в церкви на Пасхальную всенощную службу, которая длится до самого утра, когда священники благословляют пищу, которую принесли с собой верующие. После этого люди идут домой праздновать Пасху со своими семьями. Встречая других людей, они говорят: «Христос воскрес!», а им отвечают: «Воистину воскрес!» Все люди обмениваются пасхальными поздравлениями и дарят друг другу крашанки.
Пасхальный пирог (кулич, паска) и крашеные яйца — это символы украинской Пасхи, которые обязательно должны быть в этот день на столе. Кулич выпекается из дрожжевого теста в форме цилиндра. Крашанка — это сваренное окрашенное яйцо. В этот день украинские дети играют в любимую игру: разбивание пасхальных яиц. Если вы ударите по яйцу кого-то другого, и ваше яйцо не разобьется, то вы — победитель.
Пасхальные яйца (крашанки и писанки) — это древний дохристианский элемент, который играет важную роль в пасхальных ритуалах. В этот день их дарят или ими обмениваются. Существует также ритуал обрызгивания водой, который до сих пор проводят в Западной Украине на следующий день после Пасхи — в Мокрый понедельник (Обливаний понедiлок). Этот обряд проводит молодежь — парни обычно обливают водой девушек.
В Пасхальные дни в Украине поминают умерших. Это делают в течение всей недели после Пасхи, особенно в первое воскресенье после Пасхи. Люди собираются на кладбищах, приносят с собой еду и вино, и поминают умерших, оставляя часть еды на могилах.
Easter
From Scotland to
the Channel, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of
them have very long histories. Some are funny, some are strange-
But they’re all interesting and are all part of the British way
of life.
Easter is the
time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate
Easter eggs, the day of parties, and above all a celebration
that Jesus raised from the dead and lives forever. Eggs play an
important part in Easter celebration; they are predominantly
given to children. The eggs are either hollow or have a filling,
and are usually covered with brightly colored silver paper.
Easter is much
more than ordinary holiday. It is the oldest and the most
important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and
coming Jesus Christ to life again. For Christians, the dawn of
Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of
the year.
Easter is a feast
that is not always held on the same date each year. Easter Day
is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon
after the spring equinox.
This means that
Easter can fall as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.
Like most
Christian festivals, Easter has its origins in pre-Christian
times. Our ancestors believed that the sun died in winter and
was born anew in spring. The arrival of spring was celebrated
all over the world long before the religious meaning became
associated with Easter. Today, Easter celebrates the rebirth of
Christ.
The word Easter
is thought to have derived from the goddess Eostre, an
Anglo-Saxon Goddess.
Even though
Easter is associated with spring here in England, it is not so
in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In these countries
Easter falls near the end of autumn. However, through out the
world Easter is felt to be a time of new life and new
beginnings. Пасха
От Шотландии до Ла Манша,
Великобритания полна обычаев и традиций. Многие из них имеют
очень длинную историю. Некоторые забавны, некоторые странноваты.
Но все они интересные и являются частью британского образа
жизни.
Пасха — это время праздников,
фестивалей, время, когда дарят шоколадные пасхальные яйца, день
вечеринок и больше всего это празднование воскрешения Иисуса из
мертвых и его вечной жизни. Яйца играют важную роль в
праздновании Пасхи, преимущественно их дарят детям. Они или
полые, либо с наполнителем, часто покрываются ярко раскрашенной
фольгой.
Пасха — это намного больше, чем
простой праздник. Это самый древний и самый важный христианский
фестиваль, празднование смерти и последующего воскрешения Иисуса
Христа. Для христиан, рассвет воскресного дня Пасхи с вестью о
новой жизни — самый важный момент в году.
Пасха — это праздник, который
проводится не в один и тот же день в году. Пасха празднуется в
первое воскресенье после первой полной луны, следующей за днем
весеннего равноденствия.
Это означает, что Пасха может
попасть как на 22 Марта, так и на 25 апреля.
Подобно большинству христианских
фестивалей, Пасха берет свое начало с дохристианских времен.
Наши предки полагали, что солнце умирало зимой и снова
возрождалось весной. Наступление весны праздновалось во всем
мире и прежде, задолго до того как ее религиозное значение было
связанно с Пасхой. Сегодня Пасха празднует возрождение Христа.
Считается, что слово Пасха
происходит от имени англосаксонской богини Эостр.
Хотя здесь, в Англии, Пасха
ассоциируется с весной, в странах южного полушария это не так. В
этих странах Пасха выпадает на конец осени. Однако по всему миру
Пасха ассоциируется с новой жизнью и новыми начинаниями. Questions:
1. What is
Easter?
2. What do people do during the holiday of Easter?
3. What is the most important part of Easter celebration?
4. Is Easter an ordinary feast?
5. What are the origins of Easter?
6. When does Easter take place?
7. What is the main idea of Easter celebration?
8. Does Easter take place only in spring?
Vocabulary:
customs — обачаи, традиции
to raise from the dead — воскреснуть
predominantly — преимущественно
hollow — полый, пустой
silver paper — фольга
spring equinox — весеннее равноденствие
ancestors — предки, предшественники
arrival — наступление, прибытие, приход
rebirth — возрождение
to derive — происходить
southern hemisphere — южное полушарие
The moral lessons given us by Jesus
When is an Easter?
Eastertide
Easter egg and Easter hare
Thoughts from Ireland
Easter in England
Easter in Ukraine and Russia
1. The moral lessons given us by Jesus
Celebrating Easter, seeing the happy faces of people around, hearing
the joyful announcements “Christ is risen”, and, on the whole, enjoining
these God-blessed sunny spring days, let us pause for a moment and ponder
on some of the moral lessons given us by Jesus.
We well know that Christianity is ethical through and through, but strange
as it may seem, the moral teaching of Christ himself is not very circumstantial.
On the contrary, He appears rather terse on these matters, and it is in
His deeds, not words, that the larger part of His mission found its expression.
As a person, with all His inclinations and intentions, He does not seem
to be a determined moral reformer, not to speak of a revolutionary; and
he was not in the least a scholar or a man of letters. He wrote nothing.
He mowed quietly and slowly along the highways and among the villages
of Galilee and Judea and spoke to people not about any intricate problems
of human existence, or theology, or the mysteries of life and death, but
about things which belonged to the realm of daily life; and the words
he chose for that were the words of common men, not those of a professor
of ethics.
He summed up His “theology” in an amazingly short and simple phrase “God
is love”; and meeting people He very often did not teach them, as He actually
did from time to time, but offered them a ready sympathy and understanding,
even to the degraded and the outcast. To them He spoke in the language
of tolerance and benevolence, forgiveness and mercy. That was His love
– and that was the beginning of the moral revolution that transformed
the world.
2. When is a Easter?
The greatest Christian festival of the year is Easter. It is either in
March or in April, and millions of people joyously observe Christ’s resurrection.
This holy day never comes before March 22 or after April 25.
When is an Easter? That, of course, is celebrated on the first Sunday
after the paschal moon, which is the first full moon that occurs on or
next after the vernal equinox, March, 21st. So all you need to do is look
at the sky? Afraid not. For the moon in question is not the real moon,
but a hypothetical moon. This one goes round the earth one month in 29
days, the next in 30 days, though with certain modifications to make the
date of both the real and fictional full moons coincide as nearly as possible.
It yields a date for Easter that can be as early as March 22nd and as
late as April 25th. Today, Easters variability suits antiquarians, and
the makers of pocket diaries, many of which devote a Full page to the
calculation of Easter in perpetuity. But, nearly 1,700 years on, it does
not suit those in (mostly European) countries such as Britain and Germany
where both Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays. Early Easters
are too cold to enjoy. Late Easters are jammed up against the May Day
public holiday.
3. Eastertide
Passion Sunday or Care Sunday two Sundays before Easter, is still known
as Carling Sunday in parts of the north of England. Carlings are small
dried peas, which are soaked in water overnight and then fried in an almost
dry pan – when they start to burst they are ready. Greengrocers sell them,
pubs serve them, and people eat them at home in a basin with a small piece
of butter and plenty of pepper and salt. There seems to be no good reason,
apart from the strength of the tradition, why they are eaten on this day.
Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter; for people near Marlborough
in Wiltshire it meant following a long-established custom in which willow
hazel sprays – representing palm – were carried up Martinsell Hill.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday before Easter: the ‘royal maundy’ describes
the gift which for the last five hundred ears or so has been given out
by the sovereign on Maundy Thursday to as many men and woman as there
are years in his or her age. Once it was clothing which was given out,
now it is a sum of money; on odd – numbered years the ceremony usually
takes place at Westminster Abbey, in even – numbered ones at a church
or cathedral elsewhere in the country – though 1989 seems to have been
an exception, for the distribution took place at Birmingham Cathedral
in honor of the centenary of the city’s incorporation.
On Good Friday, the day of the crucifixion, hot cross buns are always
eaten as a sign of remembrance, and in some baker’s shops and supermarkets
they are on sale for many weeks before. It is a nationwide tradition,
though hot cross buns were unknown in some places – Bath, for example
– until the twentieth century. The buns may in fact pre – date Christianity,
since bread consecrated to the Roman gods was marked with lines intersecting
at right angels.
People celebrate the holiday according to the beliefs and their religious
denominations. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that Jesus
Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected. Protestant
settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious gathering
at dawn, to the United States.
Today on Easter Sunday, children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny
has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they
decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the
house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the
child who finds the most eggs wins a prize.
In England, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game
which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christ’s
tomb when He was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom to
the New World.
One unusual Easter Sunday tradition can be seen at Radley, near Oxford,
where parishioners ‘clip’ or embrace their church – they join hands and
make a human chain round it. It is Easter Monday, however, which sees
a veritable wealth of traditional celebrations throughout the country:
to name bat’ a few, there is morris dancing in many tows, including a
big display at Thaxted in Essex; orange rolling, perhaps a descendant
of egg roiling, which takes place on Dunstable Downs in Bedfordshire;
and for perhaps eight hundred years or more there has been a distribution
of food at the Kent village of Biddenden, ten miles from Ashford.
Then there is Leicestershire’s famous hare – pie scramble and bottle
– kicking which also takes place on Easter Monday; and another custom
kept up in many parts of England and Wales and called ‘lifting’ or ‘heaving’
was taken by some to symbolize Christ’s resurrection. On Easter Monday
the men lifted any woman they could find, and the women reciprocated the
following day; the person was taken by the four limbs and lifted three
times to shoulder height. When objections were made that this was ‘a rude,
indecent and dangerous diversion’ a chair bedecked with ribbons and flowers
was used instead – it was lifted with its victim, turned three times,
and put down. The Easter parade
The origin of this very picturesque traditional occasion, known affectionately
as Easter Parade and starting at 3 o’clock in the afternoon of Easter
Sunday, is not as remote, or mysterious, as many of the traditions and
customs of England; there is no religious, or superstitious significance
attached to it whatsoever.
In 1858 Queen Victoria gave it the ultimate cachet of respectability
and class by paying it a state visit in the spring. For the occasion she
wore, of course, a new spring bonnet and gown. This set the fashion for
a display each spring of the newest fashions in millinery and gowns, and
from then onwards that traditions has expanded; every society lady vied
with her rivals to appear in something more spectacular than anything
that had seen before.
4. Easter egg and Easter hare
An egg has a symbolical meaning in many centuries. It’s well known that
eggs had a special significance even in the times of ancient Romans. Eggs
were their first disk during meals (“ab ovo”) and they were also in the
center of competition as a memory of Zeus’s sons, who hatched from eggs.
Such competition took place in France, Germany, and Switzerland. Eggs
was a sign of hope, life fertility even in the early epoch. In Christianity,
the Lord’s gift, which has begun in Jesus Christ. Eggs’ spreading as the
Easter symbols turned to be possible because they sewed as an original
rent or as a tax. The Easter was one of the days when this pay could be
accomplished.
Excavations witness that traditions of paintings on eggs have been existing
for 5000 years and have their regional peculiarities. Especially in Slavonic
countries eggs are decorated with many colored pictures of Christian motives.
As expensive souvenirs it was a habit to give eggs made of noble metals,
marble, was and wood.
The Easter hare, which, children believe, brings the Easter eggs, may
be understood as a transformed Easter lamb. In those places, where there
was no sheepbreeding, a hare substituted for a sheep in the Raster meal.
Due to its ability not to sleep the hare become a symbol of resurrection
of Jesus Christ. Easter Eggs
Wherever Easter is celebrated, there Easter eggs are usually to be found.
In their modern form, they are frequently artificial, mere imitations
of the real thing, made of chocolate or marzipan or sugar, or of two pieces
of coloured and decorated cardboard fitted together to make an eggs-shaped
case containing some small gift. These are the Easter eggs of commerce,
which now appear in shop-windows almost as soon as, and sometimes even
before, Ash Wednesday is past, and by so doing lose much of their original
festival significance.
This is a real egg, hard-boiled, died in bright colours, and sometimes
elaborately decorated. In still appears upon countless breakfast-tables
on Eater Day, or is hidden about the house and garden for the children
to find. In some European countries, including England, the Easter Hare
is said to bring the Easter eggs, and to conceal them in odd corners of
the gardens, stables, or outbuildings.
Because eggs are obvious symbols of continuing life and resurrection,
the pagan peoples of ancient China, Egypt, Greece, and Persia used them,
centuries before tile first Easter Day, at the great Spring Festivals,
when the revival of all things in Nature was celebrated.
Colouring and decorating the festival eggs seems to have been customary
since time immemorial. And old Polish legend says that Our Lady herself
painted eggs red, blue, and green to amuse the Infant Jesus, and that
since then all good polish mothers have done the same at Easter. A Romanian
tale says that the vivid red shade, which is a favorite almost everywhere,
represents the blood of Christ.
There are many ways of tinting and decorated the eggs, some simple and
some requiring a high degree of skill. They can be dipped into a prepared
dye or, more usually boiled in it, or they may be boiled inside a covering
of onion-peel. Ordinary commercial dyes are often used today for coloring,
but originally only natural ones, obtained from flowers, leaves, mosses,
bark, wood-chips, or other sources, were employed. In England, gorse-blossom
was commonly used for yellow, cochineal for scarlet, and logwood-chips
for a rich purple.
In Switzerland, minute flowers and leaves are sometimes laid on the egg
underneath the onion-peel to make a white flower-pattern on the yellow
or brown surface.
The decoration of Easter eggs is a traditional peasant art in Eastern
and Central Europe. Favorite designs vary in different regions. In Hungary,
red flower-patterns on a white ground are often seen; sometimes the decorated
eggs are fitted with tiny metal shoes, with minute spurs attached, and
curious little metal hangers. In Yugoslavia, the letters XV usually form
part of the design. They stand for Christos Vaskrese, meaning ‘Christ
is risen’, which is the traditional Easter greeting of Easter Europe.
Russian eggs are sometimes elaborately decorated with miniature picture
of the saints, or of Our Lord. Polish designs are often geometrical, or
abstract, or they may include Christian symbols, like the Gross or Fish,
mixed with pagan emblems of new life. Painted eggs of this type, know
as pisanki, always appear on the Easter Table.
In some East European countries, scarlet eggs, as symbols of resurrection,
are placed on, or buried in, the graves of the family dead. The latter
custom was known in northern England until about the middle of last century.
One or two of the most beautifully ornamented Pace-eggs – the name by
which Easter eggs are still most commonly called in the northern counties
– would be saved and kept in tall ale – glasses in a corner cupboard,
or some other place where they could be easily seen. In Scotland, Easter
eggs are often called Peace or Paiss eggs. ‘Pace’ and ‘Paiss’ are all
corruptions of Pasch, or Paschal, of which the original root is the Hebrew
word pisach meaning Passover.
In parts of Germany during the early 1880s, Easter eggs substituted for
birth certificates. An egg was dyed a solid color, then a design, which
included the recipient’s name and birth date, was etched into the shell
with a needle or sharp tool. Such Easter eggs were honored in law courts
as evidence of identity and age. Easter Bunny
That a rabbit, or more accurately a hare, became a holiday symbol can
be traced to the origin of the word “Easter”. According to the Venerable
Bede, the English historian who lived from 672 to 735, the goddess Easter
was worshiped by the Anglo – Saxons through her earthly symbol, the hare.
The custom of the Easter hare came to America with the Germans who immigrated
to Pennsylvania in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
From Pennsylvania, they gradually spread out to Virginia, North and South
Carolina, Tennessee, New York, and Canada, taking their customs with them.
Most eighteenth – century Americans, however, were of more austere religious
denominations, such as Quaker, Presbyterian, and Puritan. They virtually
ignored such a seemingly frivolous symbol as a white rabbit. More than
a hundred years passed before this Teutonic Easter tradition began to
gain acceptance in America. In fact, it was not until after the Civil
War, with its Legacy of death and destruction, that the nation as a whole
began a widespread observance of Easter it self, led primarily by Presbyterians.
They viewed the story of resurrection as a source of inspiration and renewed
hope for the millions of bereaved Americans.
5. Thoughts from Ireland
By tradition, Good Friday has always been a day of mourning and fasting,
for decorating churches with branches of yew (palm) and other evergreens,
and the ceremonial distribution of gifts to the poor.
Many Christians fast and attend services between noon and 3 p. m., the
hours Jesus is believed to have spent on the cross, since the day commemorates
the crucifixion of Jesus.
On Easter Sunday the churches are beautifully decorated with white lilies.
Joyful religious music is heard and sermons ring with hope. Children and
their parents traditionally attend church, usually wearing new spring
clothes. The mothers and their daughters wear colorful flowered hats.
Many other traditions and popular customs, which probably go back to pagan
times, are also associated with Easter throughout Europe, for example,
the sending of Easter cards and the giving of Easter eggs. Eggs are a
symbol of life and fertility or recreation of spring. It was not however
until the 19th century, that the practice of giving and exchanging eggs
at Easter was introduced in England.
Easter custom, the barrels are gratefully emptied by the participants.
In London there is Easter Parade in Battersea Park. What used to be merely
an occasion for sporting the latest fashions in the park on Easter Sunday
has now developed into one of the most spectacular carnival processions
of the year, with military bands, decorated floats, Easter Princess, and
all.
Another thing English people traditionally eat at Easter is hot cross-buns.
One would hardly use them to cure whooping cough, but in bygone days buns,
which had been baked on Good Friday, were thought to have magical healing
powers. Because of the spices they contain, hot cross-buns seldom go moldy,
and even today country housewives hang a few from the kitchen beams to
dry. When needed, the buns can be powdered, mixed with milk or water and
given as a medicine. Of course, for the magic cure to work, they have
to be buns that were actually baked on Good Friday. For Easter dinners
at family reunions Englishmen traditionally eat baked ham or chicken with
a famous English apple-pie to follow/ For a good apple pie you will need:
1 lb apples (500 gm)
4 oz flour (100 gm)
2 oz butter or margarine (50 gm)
3 oz sugar (75 gm)
2 oz sultans (50 gm)
1 oz chopped nuts (25 gm)
1-teaspoon cinnamon.
Now you can make a real English apple – pie. Here are the instructions.
Put them in the correct order, and number the instructions 1 to 6:
Mix the nuts, sultanas, cinnamon and half the sugar with the apples.
Bake in a medium oven (300F) for 30 minutes. Peel and core the apples.
Cut them into small pieces and put them into a baking dish. Sieve the
flour into a mixing bowl. Sprinkle the mixture over the apples.
Rub the soft butter into the flour with your finger – tips. When the
butter melts, the mixture will look like bread – crumbs. Add the rest
of the sugar. And now serve the pie hot with cream. Enjoy it! And as Russians
say, Christ is risen! Expecting the answer, Christ is risen indeed!
6. Easter in England
Easter it is a time for the giving and receiving of presents which traditionally
take the form of an Easter egg and hot cross buns. The Easter egg is by
far the most popular emblem of Easter, but fluffy little chicks, baby
rabbits and spring time flowers like daffodils, dangling catkins and the
arum lily are also used to signify the Nature’s awakening.
Nowadays Easter eggs are usually made of chocolate or marzipan or sugar.
True Easter eggs are hard-boiled, dyed in bright colours, and sometimes
elaborately decorated. Colouring and decorating the festival eggs seems
to have been customary since time immemorial They can be dipped into a
prepared dye or, more usually, boiled in it, or they may be boiled inside
a covering of onion peel Natural dyes are often used for coloring today.
They are obtained from flowers, leaves, mosses, bark, and wood-chips.
Egg-rolling is a traditional Easter pastime which still flourishes in
Britain. It takes place on Easter Sunday or Monday, and consists of rolling
coloured, hard-boiled eggs down a slope until they are cracked and broken
after which they are eaten by their owners. In some districts this is
a competitive game. But originally egg-rolling provided an opportunity
for divination. Each player marked his or her egg with an identifying
sign and then watched to see how it sped down the slope. If it reached
the bottom unscathed, the owner could expect good luck in the future,
but if it was broken, unfortune would follow before the year was out,
Eating hot cross buns at breakfast on Good Friday morning is a custom
which is also flourishing in most English households. Formerly, these
round, cakes marked with a cross, eaten hot, were made by housewives who
rose at dawn; for the purpose, or by local bakers who worked through the
night to have them ready for delivery to their customers in time for breakfast.
There is an old belief that the true Good Friday bun — that is, one made
on the anniversary itself — never goes moldy, if kept in a dry place.
It was once also supposed to have curative powers, especially for ailments
like dysentery, diarrhea, whooping cough, and the complaint known as “summer
sickness”. Within living memory, it was still quite usual in country
districts for a few buns to be hung from the kitchen ceiling until, they
are needed. When illness came the bun was finely grated and mixed with
milk or water, to make a medicine, which the patient drank.
7. Easter in Ukraine and Russia
In Ukrainian, Easter is called Velikden (The Great Day). It has been
celebrated over a long period of history and has many rich folk traditions
that are no longer fully preserved. The last Sunday before Easter (Palm
Sunday) is called Willow Sunday (Verbna nedilia). On this day pussy-willow
branches are blessed in the church. The people tap one another with these
branches, repeating the wish: ‘Be as tall as the willow, as healthy as
the water, and as rich as the earth’.
The week before Easter, the Great Week (Holy Week), is called the White
or Pure Week. During this time an effort is made to finish all fieldwork
before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. On the evening
of ‘Pure’ (also called ‘Great’ or ‘Passion’ [Strasnyi]) Thursday, the
passion (strasti) service is performed, after which the people return
home with lighted candles. Maundy Thursday, called ‘the Eater of the dead’
in eastern Ukraine and Russia, is connected with the cult of the dead,
who are believed to meet in the church on that night for the Divine Mass.
On Passion (Strasna) Friday – Good Friday – no work is done. In some
localities, the Holy Shroud (plashchanytsia) is carried solemnly three
times around the church and, after appropriate services, laid out for
public veneration. For three days the community celebrates to the sound
of bells and to the singing of spring songs – vesnianky. Easter begins
with the Easter matins and high mass, during which the pasky (traditional
Easter breads) and pysanky and krashanky (decorated or colored Easter
eggs) are blessed in the church. Butter, lard, cheese, roast-suckling
pigs, sausage, smoked meat, and little napkins containing poppy seeds,
millet, salt, pepper, and horseradish are also blessed. After the matins
all the people in the congregation exchange Easter greetings, give each
other krashanky, and then hurry home with their baskets of blessed food.
The pysanky and krashanky are an old pre-Christian element and have an
important role in the Eater rites. They are given as gifts or exchanged
as a sign of affection, and their shells are put in water for the rakhmany
(peaceful souls); finally, they are placed on the graves of the dead or
buried in graves and the next day are taken out and given to the poor.
Related to the exchange of krashanky is the rite of sprinkling with water,
which is still carried on in Western Ukraine. During the Easter season
in Ukraine and Russia the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are remembered
on Maundy Thursday and also during the whole week after Easter. For the
commemoration of the dead (provody) the people gather in the cemetery
by the church, bringing with them a dish containing some food and liquor
or wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves.
Список литературы
Газета “The English”, April №14/1996.
Газета “The English”, March №12/1997.
Газета “The English”, March №12/1995.
Газета “English Learner’s digest”, April, 1995.
Газета “English Learner’s digest”, April, 1997.
Главная /
Темы топиков /
Люди и общество-People and society /
Обычаи и традиции-Customs and traditions /
Пасха-Easter
Топик по английскому языку “Easter – Пасха”
Easter is the most important holiday of the year.
Easter egg is called pysanka. Pysanka shells have been found in archaeological sites from more than 3000 years ago, and many of those designs are still being used on pysanka today.
Preparation for Easter starts seven weeks ahead of time with the advent of Lent. Believers don’t eat meat and animal products.
Palm Sunday, the week before Easter, is known as Willow Sunday. People bring home willow branches which have been blessed in church.
The week is dedicated to preparing for Easter. The Thursday before Easter is called Clean Thursday. According to the tradition one should bathe before sunrise on this day. The house must be clean too.
Good Friday is the day that the women of the family bake “paska”, Easter bread.
On Saturday children dye Easter eggs to add to the Easter basket which will be blessed in church. It also includes pysanka, salt, paska, sausage and ham. In the evening people go to church for the Easter mass, which lasts all night.
Easter Sunday is a day of singing songs and eating. Young girls dance and sing about nature and spring. People exchange pysanky.
Перевод топика: Пасха
Перевод:
Пасха самый важный праздник в году.
Пасхальное яйцо называется писанка. Скарлупа писанок была найдена в археологических памятниках более чем 3000 лет назад, и многие из тех давних узоров до сих пор используются на писанках.
Подготовка к Пасхе начинается за семь недель через Великий пост. Верующие не едят мяса и продуктов животного происхождения.
Вербное воскресенье- за неделю до Пасхи. Люди приносят домой ветви ивы, которые были благословлены в церкви.
Вся неделя посвящена подготовке к Пасхе. Четверг перед Пасхой называется Чистый четверг. По традиции следует купаться до восхода солнца в этот день. Дом должен быть чистым тоже.
Страстная пятница является днем, когда женщины пекут “Паску”, или Пасхальный кулич.
В субботу дети красят пасхальные яица и добавляют их в корзину, которая будет освящена в церкви. Она также включает писанки, соль, кулич, колбасу и ветчину. Вечером люди идут в церковь на Пасхальную службу, которая длится всю ночь.
Пасхальное воскресенье – день песен и еды. Молодые девушки танцуют и поют о природе и весне. Люди обмениваются пасхальными яйцами.
Vocabulary:
Questions:
Вашему вниманию представляем Топики и Сочинения по теме “Праздники”
Праздники и их празднование является неотъемлемой частью нашей жизни. Есть конечно люди которым не нравятся праздники. Но большая часть людей просто не могут без них.
В мире много праздников. У каждого отдельно взятого народа есть собственные традиции, которые они отмечают сами или со своими семьями и близкими. Но есть и всеобщие. Такие как “Новый Год” праздник Ёлки и Деда Мороза или
“8 Марта” День когда все девушки мира получают максимум внимания от мужчин.
Как же приятно когда все вокруг с хорошим настроением, когда все радуются и веселятся.
Топики на тему “Праздники” Помогут узнать немного больше о празднованиях разнообразных праздников в разных частях мира.
Все Сочинения и Топики предлагаются с переводом и рядом вопросов по теме после каждого сочинения, а также списком наиболее интересных слов рекомендованных к изучению для лучшего запоминания и понимая английского языка.
1. Birthday – День рождения
2. Christmas day – Рождество
3. Christmas in Australia – Рождество в Австралии
4. Christmas in Great Britain – Рождество в Великобритании (1)
5. Christmas in Great Britain – Рождество в Великобритании (2)
6. Church Holidays – Церковные праздники
7. Easter – Пасха
8. Halloween – Хэллоуин
9. Holidays in Great Britain – Праздники в Великобритании
10. Holidays in Russia – Праздники в России (1)
11. Holidays in Russia – Праздники в России (2)
12. Holidays in Russia – Праздники в России (3)
13. Holidays in the USA – Праздники в США (1)
14. Holidays in the USA – Праздники в США (2)
15. Independence Day – День независимости
16. May Day – Первое мая
17. Maslenitza – Масленица
18. New Year in Great Britain – Новый год в Великобритании
19. New Year in the United States – Новый год в Соединенных Штатах
20. St. Valentine’s Day – День Святого Валентина (1)
21. St. Valentine’s Day – День Святого Валентина (2)
22. St. Valentine’s Day – День Святого Валентина (3)
23. Thanksgiving – День благодарения (1)
24. Thanksgiving – День благодарения (2)
25. The Christmas Feast and Santa Claus – Рождественский банкет и Санта-Клаус
26. The Day of Knowledge in Russia – День знаний в России
27. The History of Halloween – История Хэллоуина
Easter
Пасха
People like celebrating different festivals and holidays. There are a lot of types of holidays. They are divided into groups depending on purpose, origin and so on. They can be individual, national or religious, for example. Now we are going to discuss one of the religious holidays – Easter. Easter is a festival and holiday of the Christian church. It celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day of his burial after his crucifixation by the Romans.
Людям нравится отмечать разные фестивали и праздники. Существует много типов праздников. Они делятся на группы в зависимости от цели, происхождения и т.д. Например, они могут быть индивидуальными, национальными или религиозными. Мы обсудим один из религиозных праздников – Пасху. Пасха — это праздник христианской церкви. В этот день христиане празднуют Воскресение Иисуса Христа на третий день погребения после распятия Иисуса римлянами.
There are some differences between Easter in Catholicism and Easter in Eastern Christianity however they are not so considerable. I am going to describe Easter in Eastern Christianity. Easter is a moveable feast. It means that it does not have a fix date for celebration. The date of its celebration depends on lunisolar calendar. All holidays connected with Easter are also moveable feasts. There are a lot of Easter traditions. All of them are connected with divine service in this or that way.
Существуют некоторые различия между Пасхой в католицизме и Пасхой в православии, однако они не столь значительны. Я собираюсь описать православную Пасху. Пасха – подвижный праздник. Это означает, что у него нет фиксированной даты празднования. Дата его празднования зависит от лунно-солнечного календаря. Все праздники, связанные с Пасхой, также являются подвижными. Существует много пасхальных традиций. Все они связаны тем или иным образом с богослужением.
First of all, it is the tradition of Easter divine service at the night or early in the morning. At Easter and sometime after that people greet each other with the words “Christ is Risen” and “Truly, He is Risen” as the response. Paschal fire is the very important part of Easter divine service. It is a symbol of the light. Important Easter symbols are also Easter cake and eggs. They symbolize the life.
Прежде всего, это традиция пасхального богослужения ночью или рано утром. На Пасху и некоторое время после нее люди приветствуют друг друга словами «Христос Воскресе» и в качестве ответа «Воистину Воскресе». Пасхальный огонь является очень важной частью пасхального богослужения. Он символизирует свет. Важными символами Пасхи являются также пасхальный кулич и яйца. Они символизируют жизнь.
Easter is my favourite holiday. It is a merry holiday.
Пасха – мой любимый праздник. Он является радостным праздником.
From Scotland to the Channel, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny, some are strange- But they’re all interesting and are all part of the British way of life.
Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate Easter eggs, the day of parties, and above all a celebration that Jesus raised from the dead and lives forever. Eggs play an important part in Easter celebration; they are predominantly given to children. The eggs are either hollow or have a filling, and are usually covered with brightly colored silver paper.
Easter is much more than ordinary holiday. It is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming Jesus Christ to life again. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the year.
Easter is a feast that is not always held on the same date each year. Easter Day is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox.
This means that Easter can fall as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.
Like most Christian festivals, Easter has its origins in pre-Christian times. Our ancestors believed that the sun died in winter and was born anew in spring. The arrival of spring was celebrated all over the world long before the religious meaning became associated with Easter. Today, Easter celebrates the rebirth of Christ.
The word Easter is thought to have derived from the goddess Eostre, an Anglo-Saxon Goddess.
Even though Easter is associated with spring here in England, it is not so in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In these countries Easter falls near the end of autumn. However, through out the world Easter is felt to be a time of new life and new beginnings.
Перевод:
От Шотландии до Ла Манша, Великобритания полна обычаев и традиций. Многие из них имеют очень длинную историю. Некоторые забавны, некоторые странноваты. Но все они интересные и являются частью британского образа жизни.
Пасха — это время праздников, фестивалей, время, когда дарят шоколадные пасхальные яйца, день вечеринок и больше всего это празднование воскрешения Иисуса из мертвых и его вечной жизни. Яйца играют важную роль в праздновании Пасхи, преимущественно их дарят детям. Они или полые, либо с наполнителем, часто покрываются ярко раскрашенной фольгой.
Пасха — это намного больше, чем простой праздник. Это самый древний и самый важный христианский фестиваль, празднование смерти и последующего воскрешения Иисуса Христа. Для христиан, рассвет воскресного дня Пасхи с вестью о новой жизни — самый важный момент в году.
Пасха — это праздник, который проводится не в один и тот же день в году. Пасха празднуется в первое воскресенье после первой полной луны, следующей за днем весеннего равноденствия.
Это означает, что Пасха может попасть как на 22 Марта, так и на 25 апреля.
Подобно большинству христианских фестивалей, Пасха берет свое начало с дохристианских времен. Наши предки полагали, что солнце умирало зимой и снова возрождалось весной. Наступление весны праздновалось во всем мире и прежде, задолго до того как ее религиозное значение было связанно с Пасхой. Сегодня Пасха празднует возрождение Христа.
Считается, что слово Пасха происходит от имени англосаксонской богини Эостр.
Хотя здесь, в Англии, Пасха ассоциируется с весной, в странах южного полушария это не так. В этих странах Пасха выпадает на конец осени. Однако по всему миру Пасха ассоциируется с новой жизнью и новыми начинаниями.
Easter is one of the most important holidays of the year. Easter is the day when Jesus Christ resurrected. Usually this holiday is celebrated on one of Sundays in spring. Easter eggs and Easter cakes (or paskhas) are the traditional symbols of the religious holiday. Paskha is a traditional dessert served in Russia as well as other Eastern European countries. The name of the dish comes from “Pascha“, the eastern orthodox celebration of Easter.
On that day the religious people go to church and listen to the ceremony. Usually they bring with them Easter eggs, salt, Easter cakes, butter, cheese and ham. Some people prefer to bake Easter cakes themselves and others buy paskhas at bakery.
The priest in the church consecrates all the food: many people believe that Easter eggs possesses magic power and can protect from evil, thunder or fire and have healing powers.
In the morning after the end of the ceremony, everyone greet each other with the words “Khrystos voskres!” (Christ is risen!). The proper response is “Voyistino voskres,” (Indeed he is risen). Once the ceremony is over, every family goes home for breakfast, to partake of the blessed food.
Easter Sunday is a day of singing and eating. Many people visit their friends and relatives and exchange Easter eggs. All people celebrate Easter as the beginning of spring, too. This tradition is connected with much older pre-Christian rite. On that day, people celebrated the return of springtime and the sun.
Перевод текста Easter. Пасха
Пасха – это один из наиболее важных праздников в году. Пасха – это день когда Иисус Христос воскрес. Обычно этот праздник отмечается весной в одно из воскресений. Пасхальные яйца и пасхальные куличи (или паски) – традиционные символы религиозного праздника. Паска является традиционным десертом, который подают в России и в других странах восточной Европы. Название блюда происходит от слова «Пасха», восточного православного празднования Пасхи.
В этот день верующие идут в церковь и слушают службу. Обычно они приносят с собой пасхальные яйца, соль, пасхальные куличи, масло, сыр и ветчину. Некоторые люди предпочитаю печь пасхальные куличи самостоятельно, а другие покупают паски в булочной.
Священник в церкви освящает всю еду: многие люди верят, что пасхальные яйца обладают магической силой и могут защищать от зла, грома или огня и имеют лечебные свойства.
Утром после окончания службы, все приветствуют друг друга словами «Христос воскрес!» Правильным ответом является – «Воистину воскрес». Как только церемония заканчивается, каждая семья идет домой завтракать, чтобы съесть освященную пищу.
Пасхальное воскресенье – это день пения и еды. Многие люди ходят в гости к своим друзьям и родственникам и обмениваются пасхальными яйцами. К тому же все празднуют Пасху, как начало весны. Эта традиция связанна с гораздо более древним дохристианским обрядом. В этот день, люди праздновали возвращение весны и солнца.
Дополнительные выражения
Jesus Christ – Иисус Христос
to resurrect – воскрешать
Easter egg – пасхальное яйцо
Easter cake – (пасхальный) кулич
paskha – паска (блюдо)
ceremony – церемония, служба
healing power – лечебное свойство
to partake – съесть, отведать
blessed food – освященная пища (еда)
pre-Christian rite – дохристианский обряд
Если у вас возникают вопросы по прочтению отдельных слов вы можете дважды нажать на непонятное слово и в нижнем левом углу в форме перевода есть отдельная кнопка которая позволит вам услышать непосредственно произношение слова. Или также вы можете пройти к разделу Правила Чтения Английского Языка и найти ответ на возникший вопрос.
Easter
From Scotland to the Channel, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny, some are strange- But they’re all interesting and are all part of the British way of life.
Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate Easter eggs, the day of parties, and above all a celebration that Jesus raised from the dead and lives forever. Eggs play an important part in Easter celebration; they are predominantly given to children. The eggs are either hollow or have a filling, and are usually covered with brightly colored silver paper.
Easter is much more than ordinary holiday. It is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming Jesus Christ to life again. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the year.
Easter is a feast that is not always held on the same date each year. Easter Day is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox.
This means that Easter can fall as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.
Like most Christian festivals, Easter has its origins in pre-Christian times. Our ancestors believed that the sun died in winter and was born anew in spring. The arrival of spring was celebrated all over the world long before the religious meaning became associated with Easter. Today, Easter celebrates the rebirth of Christ.
The word Easter is thought to have derived from the goddess Eostre, an Anglo-Saxon Goddess.
Even though Easter is associated with spring here in England, it is not so in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In these countries Easter falls near the end of autumn. However, through out the world Easter is felt to be a time of new life and new beginnings.
Пасха
От Шотландии до Ла Манша, Великобритания полна обычаев и традиций. Многие из них имеют очень длинную историю. Некоторые забавны, некоторые странноваты. Но все они интересные и являются частью британского образа жизни.
Пасха — это время праздников, фестивалей, время, когда дарят шоколадные пасхальные яйца, день вечеринок и больше всего это празднование воскрешения Иисуса из мертвых и его вечной жизни. Яйца играют важную роль в праздновании Пасхи, преимущественно их дарят детям. Они или полые, либо с наполнителем, часто покрываются ярко раскрашенной фольгой.
Пасха — это намного больше, чем простой праздник. Это самый древний и самый важный христианский фестиваль, празднование смерти и последующего воскрешения Иисуса Христа. Для христиан, рассвет воскресного дня Пасхи с вестью о новой жизни — самый важный момент в году.
Пасха — это праздник, который проводится не в один и тот же день в году. Пасха празднуется в первое воскресенье после первой полной луны, следующей за днем весеннего равноденствия.
Это означает, что Пасха может попасть как на 22 Марта, так и на 25 апреля.
Подобно большинству христианских фестивалей, Пасха берет свое начало с дохристианских времен. Наши предки полагали, что солнце умирало зимой и снова возрождалось весной. Наступление весны праздновалось во всем мире и прежде, задолго до того как ее религиозное значение было связанно с Пасхой. Сегодня Пасха празднует возрождение Христа.
Считается, что слово Пасха происходит от имени англосаксонской богини Эостр.
Хотя здесь, в Англии, Пасха ассоциируется с весной, в странах южного полушария это не так. В этих странах Пасха выпадает на конец осени. Однако по всему миру Пасха ассоциируется с новой жизнью и новыми начинаниями.
Questions:
1. What is Easter?
2. What do people do during the holiday of Easter?
3. What is the most important part of Easter celebration?
4. Is Easter an ordinary feast?
5. What are the origins of Easter?
6. When does Easter take place?
7. What is the main idea of Easter celebration?
8. Does Easter take place only in spring?
Vocabulary:
customs — обачаи, традиции
to raise from the dead — воскреснуть
predominantly — преимущественно
hollow — полый, пустой
silver paper — фольга
spring equinox — весеннее равноденствие
ancestors — предки, предшественники
arrival — наступление, прибытие, приход
rebirth — возрождение
to derive — происходить
southern hemisphere — южное полушарие
For Christians Easter Sunday is the high point of the year. They celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
As in many other European and New World countries, eggs and rabbits (signs of fertility and new life) are traditional symbols of Easter in the British Isles. Chocolate bunnies and Easter eggs, often adorned in colorful foil wrappers, are given to children as presents or are hidden for the Easter morning “egg hunt.”
The tradition of decorating real eggs for Easter dates back to the Middle Ages. In 1290 the English king, Edward I, ordered 450 eggs to be covered in gold leaf to be given as Easter presents. It is thought that the bright hues used to decorate Easter eggs were meant to mirror the colors of the reawakening spring growth.
Another British Easter custom is egg rolling or the egg race, when competitors try to be the first to roll their egg across a course or down a hill… without breaking it!
Aside from eggs, the best-known English Easter food is probably the hot cross bun. Dating back to medieval times, the buns were traditionally eaten on Good Friday, but they are now popular all around the Easter season. These sweet treats, fragrant with fruit and spices, are marked with a cross, either slashed into the dough before baking, or drizzled on in icing afterwards. The history of hot cross buns dates far back to the pre-Christian era. It is thought that they are descendants of the small cakes offered to Eostre, the goddess of spring. They may have been marked with a cross even in ancient times, to represent the four quarters of the moon. In later centuries the church, unable to stamp out ancient pagan traditions, decided instead to “Christianize” the buns by associating the cross with that of Jesus.
Easter Sunday in the British Isles is traditionally marked by church services, often held at dawn so that worshippers can view the sunrise, a symbol of Christ’s resurrection. Afterwards Easter eggs are exchanged and eaten.
Easter parades were also once an important tradition, during which people would wear their new clothes – the ladies in particular would show off their new “Easter bonnets” – as another sign of spring’s renewal. Later the family would gather for Easter lunch or dinner, which in England traditionally consisted of roast spring lamb with mint sauce, potatoes and green peas. There was time to rest from the celebrations the next day, since Easter Monday is traditionally a holiday in Britain.
Перевод:
Для христиан Пасха-это высшая точка года. Они празднуют Воскресение Иисуса Христа.
Как и во многих других европейских странах Нового света, яйца и зайцы (знаки плодородия и ” новая жизнь”) являются традиционными символами Пасхи на Британских островах. Шоколадные зайчики и пасхальные яйца, часто украшенные красочной фольге обертки, преподносятся детям в качестве подарков или оставляются для “яйца охоты” пасхальным утром.
Традиция украшать настоящие яица на Пасху восходит к средневековью. В 1290 году английский король Эдуард I приказал покрыть 450 яиц сусальным золотом, чтобы предоставить в качестве пасхальных подарков. Считается, что яркие тона, украшавшие пасхальные яйца, были предназначены для того, чтобы отражать цвета пробуждение весны.
Другой британский Пасхальный обычай заключается в яичных гонках, когда конкуренты пытаются быть первым, крутить их яйца поперек или спустить вниз по склону холма… не разбив их!
Помимо яиц самой известной английской пасхальной снедью являются,наверное, горячие булочки в форме креста. Еще в средневековые времена булочки были традиционно ели в страстную пятницу, но они в настоящее время пользуются популярностью весь Пасхальный сезон. Эти сладкие угощения с ароматами фруктов и специй помеченные крестиком либо опушены в тесто перед выпечкой или взбрызгнуты каплями после. История горячих булочек-крестов датируется еще дохристианской эпохой. Считается, что они являются потомками маленьких пирожных, предлагаемых для Эостр – богини весны. Они, возможно, были отмечены крестом даже в древние времена, чтобы представить четыре четверти Луны. В более поздние века церковь была не в состоянии искоренить древние языческие традиции и решившила вместо этого “христианизировать” плюшки, связав крест с Иисусом.
В пасхальное воскресенье на Британских островах традиционно отмечается церковными службами, которые часто проводятся на рассвете, так что верующие могут видеть восход солнца – символ воскресения Христа. После обмениваются пасхальными яицами и съедают их.
Пасха-парады тоже когда-то важная традиция, во время которой люди будут одеты в новую одежду – дамы, в частности, демонстрируют свои новые “Пасха шляпки” – как еще один знак весеннего обновления. Потом семья будет собираться на Пасхальный обед или ужин, который в Англии традиционно состоял из жареного весна ягненка с мятным соусом, картофеля и зеленого горошка. Было время отдохнуть от праздников на следующий день, в понедельник после Пасхи традиционно праздник в Великобритании.
Easter is the most important holiday of the year.
Easter egg is called pysanka. Pysanka shells have been found in archaeological sites from more than 3000 years ago, and many of those designs are still being used on pysanka today.
Preparation for Easter starts seven weeks ahead of time with the advent of Lent. Believers don’t eat meat and animal products.
Palm Sunday, the week before Easter, is known as Willow Sunday. People bring home willow branches which have been blessed in church.
The week is dedicated to preparing for Easter. The Thursday before Easter is called Clean Thursday. According to the tradition one should bathe before sunrise on this day. The house must be clean too.
Good Friday is the day that the women of the family bake “paska”, Easter bread.
On Saturday children dye Easter eggs to add to the Easter basket which will be blessed in church. It also includes pysanka, salt, paska, sausage and ham. In the evening people go to church for the Easter mass, which lasts all night.
Easter Sunday is a day of singing songs and eating. Young girls dance and sing about nature and spring. People exchange pysanky.
Перевод:
Пасха самый важный праздник в году.
Пасхальное яйцо называется писанка. Скарлупа писанок была найдена в археологических памятниках более чем 3000 лет назад, и многие из тех давних узоров до сих пор используются на писанках.
Подготовка к Пасхе начинается за семь недель через Великий пост. Верующие не едят мяса и продуктов животного происхождения.
Вербное воскресенье – за неделю до Пасхи. Люди приносят домой ветви ивы, которые были благословлены в церкви.
Вся неделя посвящена подготовке к Пасхе. Четверг перед Пасхой называется Чистый четверг. По традиции следует купаться до восхода солнца в этот день. Дом должен быть чистым тоже.
Страстная пятница является днем, когда женщины пекут “Паску”, или Пасхальный кулич.
В субботу дети красят пасхальные яица и добавляют их в корзину, которая будет освящена в церкви. Она также включает писанки, соль, кулич, колбасу и ветчину. Вечером люди идут в церковь на Пасхальную службу, которая длится всю ночь.
Пасхальное воскресенье – день песен и еды. Молодые девушки танцуют и поют о природе и весне. Люди обмениваются пасхальными яйцами.
Easter is one of the Jewish and Christian events. However, these religions differ in their celebrations of the event. In Judaism, this day devoted to the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, this holiday marks the expectation of the Messiah. Christians celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on this day – the main holiday in Orthodoxy.
Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Palm Sunday and full moon. As there is no specific date for this holiday, sheets (matrices) are compiled to calculate the annual celebration dates. Easter is celebrate after the end of the forty days of Lent, people prepare a variety of dishes, do good things and charity works.
The holiday is characterized by special features — paskha-cake and eggs. Throughout Russia, people baked cakes, cooked cottage cheese Paskha, painted eggs in different waysю Going on a visit, Christians usually take painted eggs, greet each other with “Christ is risen” — “Truly he is risen» and exchange these eggs.
All day long everyone gathers Easter baskets with cakes and other snacks and go to Church. There is a festive service, and the consecration of treats. This event is attended by ordinary people and celebrities. It is broadcast on TV and internet online.
Перевод
Пасха-одно из еврейских и христианских празднеств. Однако эти религии отличаются относительно праздновании этого события. В иудаизме этот день, посвященный уходу израильтян из Египта, знаменует собой ожидание Мессии. Христиане отмечают в этот день Воскресение Иисуса Христа – главный праздник в Православии.
Пасха празднуется в первое воскресенье после Вербного Воскресенья и полнолуния. Поскольку нет конкретной даты для этого праздника, для расчета ежегодных дат празднования составляются таблицы (матрицы). Пасху празднуют после окончания сорока дней Великого поста, люди готовят разнообразные блюда, делают добрые дела и занимаются благотворительностью.
Праздник характеризуется некоторыми особенностями – пирогом Пасхой и яйцами. По всей России люди пекли пироги, готовили творожную Пасху, по-разному красили яйца. Отправляясь в гости, христиане обычно берут крашеные яйца, приветствуют друг друга “Христос воскрес” — “воистину он воскрес» и обмениваются этими яйцами.
Весь день каждый собирает Пасхальные корзины с пирогами и другими закусками и ходит в церковь. Там проходит праздничная служба и освещают угощения. В этом мероприятии принимают участие обычные люди и знаменитости. Он транслируется по телевидению и в интернете в режиме онлайн.
Happy Easter
Vocubalury:
Christian — Христианин
to devote — посвятить
to return — возвратиться
renewal — обновление
luck — удача
birth — рождение
to crucify — распять
suffering — страдание
the resurrection — Воскресенье Господне
death — смерть
a cross — крест
Palm Sunday — Пальмовое воскресенье (Вербное)
garlands — гирлянды
boiled egg — вареное яйцо
In the UK Easter is one of the major Christian festivals of the year. Easter is a Christian holiday. Believers don’t eat meat and animal products.
It is celebrated on any Sunday between March 22 and April 25. This holiday is devoted to Jesus Christ and his returning to life.
Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate Easter eggs, the day of parties. Many of the symbols and traditions of Easter are connected with renewal, birth, good luck.
Of course as it is a Christian festival one of the main symbols is a cross, often on a hill. When Jesus was crucified, the cross became a symbol of suffering. Then with the resurrection, Christians saw it as a symbol of victory over death.
The week of Easter begins on Palm Sunday. Christians carry palm branches and make them into crosses and garlands to decorate the Church.
Eggs play an important part in Easter celebration. Easter eggs are a very old tradition. Eggs are a symbol of spring and new life. Many people celebrate Easter Sunday by decorating, exchanging in Great Britain. The eggs may be fresh or boiled eggs laid by chickens or other birds, chocolate eggs or eggs made of other materials.
Some businesses and attractions hold special Easter egg games. These can be competitions to see who can collect the most eggs. For example in the north of England they still carry out the custom of egg rolling. In other places another game is played. You hold an egg in the palm of the hand and bang against your opponent’s egg. The loser is the one whose egg breaks first.
Rabbits are a symbol Ester in UK, too. Children in the UK believe that if they are good the «Easter Bunny » will leave (chocolate) eggs for them.
Easter is much more than ordinary holiday.
Easter is the feast of Christ’s resurrection, which in its observance combines both pagan and Christian elements. Easter (in Ukrainian: ‘Velykden’ or ‘Paskha’) is preceded by seven weeks of Lent and celebrated on each first week after vernal equinox and full moon. It is the most cheerful holiday for orthodox believers.
In Ukraine Easter is called Velykden (The Great Day). In Ukraine Easter has been celebrated over a long period of history and has had many rich folk traditions.
Ukrainian Easter is a historical combination of heathen and Christian traditions. Velykden was celebrated thousands of years ago as the victory of the Light over the Dark, Day over Night, Spring over Winter. The Resurrection was celebrated only from 988 when Kiev Rus was baptized. For some time these two systems coexisted, for some time it was forbidden for people to follow heathen traditions, but later the church decided to use in its Easter ceremony the heathen customs like painting eggs and backing Easter cake.
The last Sunday before Easter is called Willow Sunday (Verbna nedilia). On this day pussy-willow branches are blessed in the church.
The week before Easter, the Great (Velykyi) Week (Holy Week), is called the White (Bilyi) or Pure (Chystyi) Week. During this time an effort is made to finish all field work before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. Pure (Maundy) Thursday is connected with ritual of clarification by water.
On Passion (Strasna) Friday — Good Friday — no work is done. In some localities, the Holy Shroud (plashchanytsia) is carried solemnly three times around the church and, after appropriate services, laid out for public veneration.
Saturday evening people gather in the church for the Easter vigil till the very morning when priests bless the food believers brought. After that people go home to celebrate Easter with their families. If they meet other people on the way they say: “Christ is risen!” and these people should reply “Risen indeed”. All the people exchange Easter greetings and give each other painted eggs (krashanky).
Easter cake (’Kulich’) and painted eggs (’Krashanki’) are the symbols of Ukrainian Easter and obligatory food on the table this day. Kulich is baked from yeast dough in the form of cylinder. Krashanka is a boiled and painted egg. On this Day Ukrainian kids play their favorite Easter game: knocking the eggs. If you knock somebody’s egg and you egg is not broken than you are the winner.
The krashanky and pysanky (Easter eggs) are an old pre-Christian element and have an important role in the Easter rites. On this day they are given as gifts or exchanged. There is also the rite of sprinkling with water, which is still carried on in Western Ukraine on the next day afrer Easter (Wet Monday, Oblyvanyi ponedilok). It is practiced by young people, the boys usually splashing the girls with water.
During the Easter season in Ukraine the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are remembered during the whole week after Easter, especially on the first Sunday following Easter Sunday. People gather in the cemeteries, bringing with them a dish containing some food and wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves.
Перевод
Пасха — это праздник воскресения Христа, в котором соединились христианские и языческе элементы. Пасху (по-украински: Великдень), которой предшествует семь недель Великого Поста, отмечают в первое воскресенье после весеннего равноденствия и полнолуния. Это самый радостный праздник у провославных.
Украинская Пасха — это исторически сложившееся сочетание языческих и христианских традиций. Великдень отмечали тысячи лет назад как победу Света над Тьмой, Дня над Ночью, Весны над Зимой. А Воскресение Христа начали праздновать с 988 года, после крещения Киевской Руси. Некоторое время обе эти системы сосуществовали, затем людям было запрещено следовать языческим традициям, но впоследствии церковь решила использовать в ритуалах Пасхи языческие обычаи, такие как крашение яиц и выпекание пасхального пирога.
Последнее воскресенье перед Пасхой называется Вербным воскресеньем. В этот день в церкви святят ветви вербы.
Неделя перед Пасхой называется Великой, Святой, Белой или Чистой неделей. В это время стараются закончить всю работу к четвергу, потому что с четверга работать запрещается. «Чистый четверг» связан с ритуалом очищения водой.
В Страстную пятницу работать нельзя. В некоторых местностях Святую плащаницу три раза проносят вокруг церкви и после службы выставляют для поклонения.
В субботу вечером люди собираются в церкви на Пасхальную всенощную службу, которая длится до самого утра, когда священники благословляют пищу, которую принесли с собой верующие. После этого люди идут домой праздновать Пасху со своими семьями. Встречая других людей, они говорят: «Христос воскрес!», а им отвечают: «Воистину воскрес!» Все люди обмениваются пасхальными поздравлениями и дарят друг другу крашанки.
Пасхальный пирог (кулич, паска) и крашеные яйца — это символы украинской Пасхи, которые обязательно должны быть в этот день на столе. Кулич выпекается из дрожжевого теста в форме цилиндра. Крашанка — это сваренное окрашенное яйцо. В этот день украинские дети играют в любимую игру: разбивание пасхальных яиц. Если вы ударите по яйцу кого-то другого, и ваше яйцо не разобьется, то вы — победитель.
Пасхальные яйца (крашанки и писанки) — это древний дохристианский элемент, который играет важную роль в пасхальных ритуалах. В этот день их дарят или ими обмениваются. Существует также ритуал обрызгивания водой, который до сих пор проводят в Западной Украине на следующий день после Пасхи — в Мокрый понедельник (Обливаний понедiлок). Этот обряд проводит молодежь — парни обычно обливают водой девушек.
В Пасхальные дни в Украине поминают умерших. Это делают в течение всей недели после Пасхи, особенно в первое воскресенье после Пасхи. Люди собираются на кладбищах, приносят с собой еду и вино, и поминают умерших, оставляя часть еды на могилах.
Easter
From Scotland to
the Channel, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of
them have very long histories. Some are funny, some are strange-
But they’re all interesting and are all part of the British way
of life.
Easter is the
time for holidays, festivals and time for giving chocolate
Easter eggs, the day of parties, and above all a celebration
that Jesus raised from the dead and lives forever. Eggs play an
important part in Easter celebration; they are predominantly
given to children. The eggs are either hollow or have a filling,
and are usually covered with brightly colored silver paper.
Easter is much
more than ordinary holiday. It is the oldest and the most
important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and
coming Jesus Christ to life again. For Christians, the dawn of
Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of
the year.
Easter is a feast
that is not always held on the same date each year. Easter Day
is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon
after the spring equinox.
This means that
Easter can fall as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.
Like most
Christian festivals, Easter has its origins in pre-Christian
times. Our ancestors believed that the sun died in winter and
was born anew in spring. The arrival of spring was celebrated
all over the world long before the religious meaning became
associated with Easter. Today, Easter celebrates the rebirth of
Christ.
The word Easter
is thought to have derived from the goddess Eostre, an
Anglo-Saxon Goddess.
Even though
Easter is associated with spring here in England, it is not so
in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In these countries
Easter falls near the end of autumn. However, through out the
world Easter is felt to be a time of new life and new
beginnings.
Пасха
От Шотландии до Ла Манша,
Великобритания полна обычаев и традиций. Многие из них имеют
очень длинную историю. Некоторые забавны, некоторые странноваты.
Но все они интересные и являются частью британского образа
жизни.
Пасха — это время праздников,
фестивалей, время, когда дарят шоколадные пасхальные яйца, день
вечеринок и больше всего это празднование воскрешения Иисуса из
мертвых и его вечной жизни. Яйца играют важную роль в
праздновании Пасхи, преимущественно их дарят детям. Они или
полые, либо с наполнителем, часто покрываются ярко раскрашенной
фольгой.
Пасха — это намного больше, чем
простой праздник. Это самый древний и самый важный христианский
фестиваль, празднование смерти и последующего воскрешения Иисуса
Христа. Для христиан, рассвет воскресного дня Пасхи с вестью о
новой жизни — самый важный момент в году.
Пасха — это праздник, который
проводится не в один и тот же день в году. Пасха празднуется в
первое воскресенье после первой полной луны, следующей за днем
весеннего равноденствия.
Это означает, что Пасха может
попасть как на 22 Марта, так и на 25 апреля.
Подобно большинству христианских
фестивалей, Пасха берет свое начало с дохристианских времен.
Наши предки полагали, что солнце умирало зимой и снова
возрождалось весной. Наступление весны праздновалось во всем
мире и прежде, задолго до того как ее религиозное значение было
связанно с Пасхой. Сегодня Пасха празднует возрождение Христа.
Считается, что слово Пасха
происходит от имени англосаксонской богини Эостр.
Хотя здесь, в Англии, Пасха
ассоциируется с весной, в странах южного полушария это не так. В
этих странах Пасха выпадает на конец осени. Однако по всему миру
Пасха ассоциируется с новой жизнью и новыми начинаниями.
Questions:
1. What is
Easter?
2. What do people do during the holiday of Easter?
3. What is the most important part of Easter celebration?
4. Is Easter an ordinary feast?
5. What are the origins of Easter?
6. When does Easter take place?
7. What is the main idea of Easter celebration?
8. Does Easter take place only in spring?
Vocabulary:
customs — обачаи, традиции
to raise from the dead — воскреснуть
predominantly — преимущественно
hollow — полый, пустой
silver paper — фольга
spring equinox — весеннее равноденствие
ancestors — предки, предшественники
arrival — наступление, прибытие, приход
rebirth — возрождение
to derive — происходить
southern hemisphere — южное полушарие
The moral lessons given us by Jesus
When is an Easter?
Eastertide
Easter egg and Easter hare
Thoughts from Ireland
Easter in England
Easter in Ukraine and Russia
1. The moral lessons given us by Jesus
Celebrating Easter, seeing the happy faces of people around, hearing
the joyful announcements “Christ is risen”, and, on the whole, enjoining
these God-blessed sunny spring days, let us pause for a moment and ponder
on some of the moral lessons given us by Jesus.
We well know that Christianity is ethical through and through, but strange
as it may seem, the moral teaching of Christ himself is not very circumstantial.
On the contrary, He appears rather terse on these matters, and it is in
His deeds, not words, that the larger part of His mission found its expression.
As a person, with all His inclinations and intentions, He does not seem
to be a determined moral reformer, not to speak of a revolutionary; and
he was not in the least a scholar or a man of letters. He wrote nothing.
He mowed quietly and slowly along the highways and among the villages
of Galilee and Judea and spoke to people not about any intricate problems
of human existence, or theology, or the mysteries of life and death, but
about things which belonged to the realm of daily life; and the words
he chose for that were the words of common men, not those of a professor
of ethics.
He summed up His “theology” in an amazingly short and simple phrase “God
is love”; and meeting people He very often did not teach them, as He actually
did from time to time, but offered them a ready sympathy and understanding,
even to the degraded and the outcast. To them He spoke in the language
of tolerance and benevolence, forgiveness and mercy. That was His love
– and that was the beginning of the moral revolution that transformed
the world.
2. When is a Easter?
The greatest Christian festival of the year is Easter. It is either in
March or in April, and millions of people joyously observe Christ’s resurrection.
This holy day never comes before March 22 or after April 25.
When is an Easter? That, of course, is celebrated on the first Sunday
after the paschal moon, which is the first full moon that occurs on or
next after the vernal equinox, March, 21st. So all you need to do is look
at the sky? Afraid not. For the moon in question is not the real moon,
but a hypothetical moon. This one goes round the earth one month in 29
days, the next in 30 days, though with certain modifications to make the
date of both the real and fictional full moons coincide as nearly as possible.
It yields a date for Easter that can be as early as March 22nd and as
late as April 25th. Today, Easters variability suits antiquarians, and
the makers of pocket diaries, many of which devote a Full page to the
calculation of Easter in perpetuity. But, nearly 1,700 years on, it does
not suit those in (mostly European) countries such as Britain and Germany
where both Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays. Early Easters
are too cold to enjoy. Late Easters are jammed up against the May Day
public holiday.
3. Eastertide
Passion Sunday or Care Sunday two Sundays before Easter, is still known
as Carling Sunday in parts of the north of England. Carlings are small
dried peas, which are soaked in water overnight and then fried in an almost
dry pan – when they start to burst they are ready. Greengrocers sell them,
pubs serve them, and people eat them at home in a basin with a small piece
of butter and plenty of pepper and salt. There seems to be no good reason,
apart from the strength of the tradition, why they are eaten on this day.
Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter; for people near Marlborough
in Wiltshire it meant following a long-established custom in which willow
hazel sprays – representing palm – were carried up Martinsell Hill.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday before Easter: the ‘royal maundy’ describes
the gift which for the last five hundred ears or so has been given out
by the sovereign on Maundy Thursday to as many men and woman as there
are years in his or her age. Once it was clothing which was given out,
now it is a sum of money; on odd – numbered years the ceremony usually
takes place at Westminster Abbey, in even – numbered ones at a church
or cathedral elsewhere in the country – though 1989 seems to have been
an exception, for the distribution took place at Birmingham Cathedral
in honor of the centenary of the city’s incorporation.
On Good Friday, the day of the crucifixion, hot cross buns are always
eaten as a sign of remembrance, and in some baker’s shops and supermarkets
they are on sale for many weeks before. It is a nationwide tradition,
though hot cross buns were unknown in some places – Bath, for example
– until the twentieth century. The buns may in fact pre – date Christianity,
since bread consecrated to the Roman gods was marked with lines intersecting
at right angels.
People celebrate the holiday according to the beliefs and their religious
denominations. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that Jesus
Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected. Protestant
settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious gathering
at dawn, to the United States.
Today on Easter Sunday, children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny
has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they
decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the
house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the
child who finds the most eggs wins a prize.
In England, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game
which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christ’s
tomb when He was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom to
the New World.
One unusual Easter Sunday tradition can be seen at Radley, near Oxford,
where parishioners ‘clip’ or embrace their church – they join hands and
make a human chain round it. It is Easter Monday, however, which sees
a veritable wealth of traditional celebrations throughout the country:
to name bat’ a few, there is morris dancing in many tows, including a
big display at Thaxted in Essex; orange rolling, perhaps a descendant
of egg roiling, which takes place on Dunstable Downs in Bedfordshire;
and for perhaps eight hundred years or more there has been a distribution
of food at the Kent village of Biddenden, ten miles from Ashford.
Then there is Leicestershire’s famous hare – pie scramble and bottle
– kicking which also takes place on Easter Monday; and another custom
kept up in many parts of England and Wales and called ‘lifting’ or ‘heaving’
was taken by some to symbolize Christ’s resurrection. On Easter Monday
the men lifted any woman they could find, and the women reciprocated the
following day; the person was taken by the four limbs and lifted three
times to shoulder height. When objections were made that this was ‘a rude,
indecent and dangerous diversion’ a chair bedecked with ribbons and flowers
was used instead – it was lifted with its victim, turned three times,
and put down.
The Easter parade
The origin of this very picturesque traditional occasion, known affectionately
as Easter Parade and starting at 3 o’clock in the afternoon of Easter
Sunday, is not as remote, or mysterious, as many of the traditions and
customs of England; there is no religious, or superstitious significance
attached to it whatsoever.
In 1858 Queen Victoria gave it the ultimate cachet of respectability
and class by paying it a state visit in the spring. For the occasion she
wore, of course, a new spring bonnet and gown. This set the fashion for
a display each spring of the newest fashions in millinery and gowns, and
from then onwards that traditions has expanded; every society lady vied
with her rivals to appear in something more spectacular than anything
that had seen before.
4. Easter egg and Easter hare
An egg has a symbolical meaning in many centuries. It’s well known that
eggs had a special significance even in the times of ancient Romans. Eggs
were their first disk during meals (“ab ovo”) and they were also in the
center of competition as a memory of Zeus’s sons, who hatched from eggs.
Such competition took place in France, Germany, and Switzerland. Eggs
was a sign of hope, life fertility even in the early epoch. In Christianity,
the Lord’s gift, which has begun in Jesus Christ. Eggs’ spreading as the
Easter symbols turned to be possible because they sewed as an original
rent or as a tax. The Easter was one of the days when this pay could be
accomplished.
Excavations witness that traditions of paintings on eggs have been existing
for 5000 years and have their regional peculiarities. Especially in Slavonic
countries eggs are decorated with many colored pictures of Christian motives.
As expensive souvenirs it was a habit to give eggs made of noble metals,
marble, was and wood.
The Easter hare, which, children believe, brings the Easter eggs, may
be understood as a transformed Easter lamb. In those places, where there
was no sheepbreeding, a hare substituted for a sheep in the Raster meal.
Due to its ability not to sleep the hare become a symbol of resurrection
of Jesus Christ.
Easter Eggs
Wherever Easter is celebrated, there Easter eggs are usually to be found.
In their modern form, they are frequently artificial, mere imitations
of the real thing, made of chocolate or marzipan or sugar, or of two pieces
of coloured and decorated cardboard fitted together to make an eggs-shaped
case containing some small gift. These are the Easter eggs of commerce,
which now appear in shop-windows almost as soon as, and sometimes even
before, Ash Wednesday is past, and by so doing lose much of their original
festival significance.
This is a real egg, hard-boiled, died in bright colours, and sometimes
elaborately decorated. In still appears upon countless breakfast-tables
on Eater Day, or is hidden about the house and garden for the children
to find. In some European countries, including England, the Easter Hare
is said to bring the Easter eggs, and to conceal them in odd corners of
the gardens, stables, or outbuildings.
Because eggs are obvious symbols of continuing life and resurrection,
the pagan peoples of ancient China, Egypt, Greece, and Persia used them,
centuries before tile first Easter Day, at the great Spring Festivals,
when the revival of all things in Nature was celebrated.
Colouring and decorating the festival eggs seems to have been customary
since time immemorial. And old Polish legend says that Our Lady herself
painted eggs red, blue, and green to amuse the Infant Jesus, and that
since then all good polish mothers have done the same at Easter. A Romanian
tale says that the vivid red shade, which is a favorite almost everywhere,
represents the blood of Christ.
There are many ways of tinting and decorated the eggs, some simple and
some requiring a high degree of skill. They can be dipped into a prepared
dye or, more usually boiled in it, or they may be boiled inside a covering
of onion-peel. Ordinary commercial dyes are often used today for coloring,
but originally only natural ones, obtained from flowers, leaves, mosses,
bark, wood-chips, or other sources, were employed. In England, gorse-blossom
was commonly used for yellow, cochineal for scarlet, and logwood-chips
for a rich purple.
In Switzerland, minute flowers and leaves are sometimes laid on the egg
underneath the onion-peel to make a white flower-pattern on the yellow
or brown surface.
The decoration of Easter eggs is a traditional peasant art in Eastern
and Central Europe. Favorite designs vary in different regions. In Hungary,
red flower-patterns on a white ground are often seen; sometimes the decorated
eggs are fitted with tiny metal shoes, with minute spurs attached, and
curious little metal hangers. In Yugoslavia, the letters XV usually form
part of the design. They stand for Christos Vaskrese, meaning ‘Christ
is risen’, which is the traditional Easter greeting of Easter Europe.
Russian eggs are sometimes elaborately decorated with miniature picture
of the saints, or of Our Lord. Polish designs are often geometrical, or
abstract, or they may include Christian symbols, like the Gross or Fish,
mixed with pagan emblems of new life. Painted eggs of this type, know
as pisanki, always appear on the Easter Table.
In some East European countries, scarlet eggs, as symbols of resurrection,
are placed on, or buried in, the graves of the family dead. The latter
custom was known in northern England until about the middle of last century.
One or two of the most beautifully ornamented Pace-eggs – the name by
which Easter eggs are still most commonly called in the northern counties
– would be saved and kept in tall ale – glasses in a corner cupboard,
or some other place where they could be easily seen. In Scotland, Easter
eggs are often called Peace or Paiss eggs. ‘Pace’ and ‘Paiss’ are all
corruptions of Pasch, or Paschal, of which the original root is the Hebrew
word pisach meaning Passover.
In parts of Germany during the early 1880s, Easter eggs substituted for
birth certificates. An egg was dyed a solid color, then a design, which
included the recipient’s name and birth date, was etched into the shell
with a needle or sharp tool. Such Easter eggs were honored in law courts
as evidence of identity and age.
Easter Bunny
That a rabbit, or more accurately a hare, became a holiday symbol can
be traced to the origin of the word “Easter”. According to the Venerable
Bede, the English historian who lived from 672 to 735, the goddess Easter
was worshiped by the Anglo – Saxons through her earthly symbol, the hare.
The custom of the Easter hare came to America with the Germans who immigrated
to Pennsylvania in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
From Pennsylvania, they gradually spread out to Virginia, North and South
Carolina, Tennessee, New York, and Canada, taking their customs with them.
Most eighteenth – century Americans, however, were of more austere religious
denominations, such as Quaker, Presbyterian, and Puritan. They virtually
ignored such a seemingly frivolous symbol as a white rabbit. More than
a hundred years passed before this Teutonic Easter tradition began to
gain acceptance in America. In fact, it was not until after the Civil
War, with its Legacy of death and destruction, that the nation as a whole
began a widespread observance of Easter it self, led primarily by Presbyterians.
They viewed the story of resurrection as a source of inspiration and renewed
hope for the millions of bereaved Americans.
5. Thoughts from Ireland
By tradition, Good Friday has always been a day of mourning and fasting,
for decorating churches with branches of yew (palm) and other evergreens,
and the ceremonial distribution of gifts to the poor.
Many Christians fast and attend services between noon and 3 p. m., the
hours Jesus is believed to have spent on the cross, since the day commemorates
the crucifixion of Jesus.
On Easter Sunday the churches are beautifully decorated with white lilies.
Joyful religious music is heard and sermons ring with hope. Children and
their parents traditionally attend church, usually wearing new spring
clothes. The mothers and their daughters wear colorful flowered hats.
Many other traditions and popular customs, which probably go back to pagan
times, are also associated with Easter throughout Europe, for example,
the sending of Easter cards and the giving of Easter eggs. Eggs are a
symbol of life and fertility or recreation of spring. It was not however
until the 19th century, that the practice of giving and exchanging eggs
at Easter was introduced in England.
Easter custom, the barrels are gratefully emptied by the participants.
In London there is Easter Parade in Battersea Park. What used to be merely
an occasion for sporting the latest fashions in the park on Easter Sunday
has now developed into one of the most spectacular carnival processions
of the year, with military bands, decorated floats, Easter Princess, and
all.
Another thing English people traditionally eat at Easter is hot cross-buns.
One would hardly use them to cure whooping cough, but in bygone days buns,
which had been baked on Good Friday, were thought to have magical healing
powers. Because of the spices they contain, hot cross-buns seldom go moldy,
and even today country housewives hang a few from the kitchen beams to
dry. When needed, the buns can be powdered, mixed with milk or water and
given as a medicine. Of course, for the magic cure to work, they have
to be buns that were actually baked on Good Friday. For Easter dinners
at family reunions Englishmen traditionally eat baked ham or chicken with
a famous English apple-pie to follow/
For a good apple pie you will need:
1 lb apples (500 gm)
4 oz flour (100 gm)
2 oz butter or margarine (50 gm)
3 oz sugar (75 gm)
2 oz sultans (50 gm)
1 oz chopped nuts (25 gm)
1-teaspoon cinnamon.
Now you can make a real English apple – pie. Here are the instructions.
Put them in the correct order, and number the instructions 1 to 6:
Mix the nuts, sultanas, cinnamon and half the sugar with the apples.
Bake in a medium oven (300F) for 30 minutes. Peel and core the apples.
Cut them into small pieces and put them into a baking dish. Sieve the
flour into a mixing bowl. Sprinkle the mixture over the apples.
Rub the soft butter into the flour with your finger – tips. When the
butter melts, the mixture will look like bread – crumbs. Add the rest
of the sugar. And now serve the pie hot with cream. Enjoy it! And as Russians
say, Christ is risen! Expecting the answer, Christ is risen indeed!
6. Easter in England
Easter it is a time for the giving and receiving of presents which traditionally
take the form of an Easter egg and hot cross buns. The Easter egg is by
far the most popular emblem of Easter, but fluffy little chicks, baby
rabbits and spring time flowers like daffodils, dangling catkins and the
arum lily are also used to signify the Nature’s awakening.
Nowadays Easter eggs are usually made of chocolate or marzipan or sugar.
True Easter eggs are hard-boiled, dyed in bright colours, and sometimes
elaborately decorated. Colouring and decorating the festival eggs seems
to have been customary since time immemorial They can be dipped into a
prepared dye or, more usually, boiled in it, or they may be boiled inside
a covering of onion peel Natural dyes are often used for coloring today.
They are obtained from flowers, leaves, mosses, bark, and wood-chips.
Egg-rolling is a traditional Easter pastime which still flourishes in
Britain. It takes place on Easter Sunday or Monday, and consists of rolling
coloured, hard-boiled eggs down a slope until they are cracked and broken
after which they are eaten by their owners. In some districts this is
a competitive game. But originally egg-rolling provided an opportunity
for divination. Each player marked his or her egg with an identifying
sign and then watched to see how it sped down the slope. If it reached
the bottom unscathed, the owner could expect good luck in the future,
but if it was broken, unfortune would follow before the year was out,
Eating hot cross buns at breakfast on Good Friday morning is a custom
which is also flourishing in most English households. Formerly, these
round, cakes marked with a cross, eaten hot, were made by housewives who
rose at dawn; for the purpose, or by local bakers who worked through the
night to have them ready for delivery to their customers in time for breakfast.
There is an old belief that the true Good Friday bun — that is, one made
on the anniversary itself — never goes moldy, if kept in a dry place.
It was once also supposed to have curative powers, especially for ailments
like dysentery, diarrhea, whooping cough, and the complaint known as “summer
sickness”. Within living memory, it was still quite usual in country
districts for a few buns to be hung from the kitchen ceiling until, they
are needed. When illness came the bun was finely grated and mixed with
milk or water, to make a medicine, which the patient drank.
7. Easter in Ukraine and Russia
In Ukrainian, Easter is called Velikden (The Great Day). It has been
celebrated over a long period of history and has many rich folk traditions
that are no longer fully preserved. The last Sunday before Easter (Palm
Sunday) is called Willow Sunday (Verbna nedilia). On this day pussy-willow
branches are blessed in the church. The people tap one another with these
branches, repeating the wish: ‘Be as tall as the willow, as healthy as
the water, and as rich as the earth’.
The week before Easter, the Great Week (Holy Week), is called the White
or Pure Week. During this time an effort is made to finish all fieldwork
before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. On the evening
of ‘Pure’ (also called ‘Great’ or ‘Passion’ [Strasnyi]) Thursday, the
passion (strasti) service is performed, after which the people return
home with lighted candles. Maundy Thursday, called ‘the Eater of the dead’
in eastern Ukraine and Russia, is connected with the cult of the dead,
who are believed to meet in the church on that night for the Divine Mass.
On Passion (Strasna) Friday – Good Friday – no work is done. In some
localities, the Holy Shroud (plashchanytsia) is carried solemnly three
times around the church and, after appropriate services, laid out for
public veneration. For three days the community celebrates to the sound
of bells and to the singing of spring songs – vesnianky. Easter begins
with the Easter matins and high mass, during which the pasky (traditional
Easter breads) and pysanky and krashanky (decorated or colored Easter
eggs) are blessed in the church. Butter, lard, cheese, roast-suckling
pigs, sausage, smoked meat, and little napkins containing poppy seeds,
millet, salt, pepper, and horseradish are also blessed. After the matins
all the people in the congregation exchange Easter greetings, give each
other krashanky, and then hurry home with their baskets of blessed food.
The pysanky and krashanky are an old pre-Christian element and have an
important role in the Eater rites. They are given as gifts or exchanged
as a sign of affection, and their shells are put in water for the rakhmany
(peaceful souls); finally, they are placed on the graves of the dead or
buried in graves and the next day are taken out and given to the poor.
Related to the exchange of krashanky is the rite of sprinkling with water,
which is still carried on in Western Ukraine. During the Easter season
in Ukraine and Russia the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are remembered
on Maundy Thursday and also during the whole week after Easter. For the
commemoration of the dead (provody) the people gather in the cemetery
by the church, bringing with them a dish containing some food and liquor
or wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves.
Список литературы
Газета “The English”, April №14/1996.
Газета “The English”, March №12/1997.
Газета “The English”, March №12/1995.
Газета “English Learner’s digest”, April, 1995.
Газета “English Learner’s digest”, April, 1997.
Главная /
Темы топиков /
Люди и общество-People and society /
Обычаи и традиции-Customs and traditions /
Пасха-Easter
Топик по английскому языку “Easter – Пасха”
Easter is the most important holiday of the year.
Easter egg is called pysanka. Pysanka shells have been found in archaeological sites from more than 3000 years ago, and many of those designs are still being used on pysanka today.
Preparation for Easter starts seven weeks ahead of time with the advent of Lent. Believers don’t eat meat and animal products.
Palm Sunday, the week before Easter, is known as Willow Sunday. People bring home willow branches which have been blessed in church.
The week is dedicated to preparing for Easter. The Thursday before Easter is called Clean Thursday. According to the tradition one should bathe before sunrise on this day. The house must be clean too.
Good Friday is the day that the women of the family bake “paska”, Easter bread.
On Saturday children dye Easter eggs to add to the Easter basket which will be blessed in church. It also includes pysanka, salt, paska, sausage and ham. In the evening people go to church for the Easter mass, which lasts all night.
Easter Sunday is a day of singing songs and eating. Young girls dance and sing about nature and spring. People exchange pysanky.
Перевод топика: Пасха
Перевод:
Пасха самый важный праздник в году.
Пасхальное яйцо называется писанка. Скарлупа писанок была найдена в археологических памятниках более чем 3000 лет назад, и многие из тех давних узоров до сих пор используются на писанках.
Подготовка к Пасхе начинается за семь недель через Великий пост. Верующие не едят мяса и продуктов животного происхождения.
Вербное воскресенье- за неделю до Пасхи. Люди приносят домой ветви ивы, которые были благословлены в церкви.
Вся неделя посвящена подготовке к Пасхе. Четверг перед Пасхой называется Чистый четверг. По традиции следует купаться до восхода солнца в этот день. Дом должен быть чистым тоже.
Страстная пятница является днем, когда женщины пекут “Паску”, или Пасхальный кулич.
В субботу дети красят пасхальные яица и добавляют их в корзину, которая будет освящена в церкви. Она также включает писанки, соль, кулич, колбасу и ветчину. Вечером люди идут в церковь на Пасхальную службу, которая длится всю ночь.
Пасхальное воскресенье – день песен и еды. Молодые девушки танцуют и поют о природе и весне. Люди обмениваются пасхальными яйцами.
Vocabulary:
Questions:
Вашему вниманию представляем Топики и Сочинения по теме “Праздники”
Праздники и их празднование является неотъемлемой частью нашей жизни. Есть конечно люди которым не нравятся праздники. Но большая часть людей просто не могут без них.
В мире много праздников. У каждого отдельно взятого народа есть собственные традиции, которые они отмечают сами или со своими семьями и близкими. Но есть и всеобщие. Такие как “Новый Год” праздник Ёлки и Деда Мороза или
“8 Марта” День когда все девушки мира получают максимум внимания от мужчин.
Как же приятно когда все вокруг с хорошим настроением, когда все радуются и веселятся.
Топики на тему “Праздники” Помогут узнать немного больше о празднованиях разнообразных праздников в разных частях мира.
Все Сочинения и Топики предлагаются с переводом и рядом вопросов по теме после каждого сочинения, а также списком наиболее интересных слов рекомендованных к изучению для лучшего запоминания и понимая английского языка.
1. Birthday – День рождения
2. Christmas day – Рождество
3. Christmas in Australia – Рождество в Австралии
4. Christmas in Great Britain – Рождество в Великобритании (1)
5. Christmas in Great Britain – Рождество в Великобритании (2)
6. Church Holidays – Церковные праздники
7. Easter – Пасха
8. Halloween – Хэллоуин
9. Holidays in Great Britain – Праздники в Великобритании
10. Holidays in Russia – Праздники в России (1)
11. Holidays in Russia – Праздники в России (2)
12. Holidays in Russia – Праздники в России (3)
13. Holidays in the USA – Праздники в США (1)
14. Holidays in the USA – Праздники в США (2)
15. Independence Day – День независимости
16. May Day – Первое мая
17. Maslenitza – Масленица
18. New Year in Great Britain – Новый год в Великобритании
19. New Year in the United States – Новый год в Соединенных Штатах
20. St. Valentine’s Day – День Святого Валентина (1)
21. St. Valentine’s Day – День Святого Валентина (2)
22. St. Valentine’s Day – День Святого Валентина (3)
23. Thanksgiving – День благодарения (1)
24. Thanksgiving – День благодарения (2)
25. The Christmas Feast and Santa Claus – Рождественский банкет и Санта-Клаус
26. The Day of Knowledge in Russia – День знаний в России
27. The History of Halloween – История Хэллоуина